Nine Chapter
  • Introduction
    • Summary
  • 1.Binary Search
    • Introduction
    • 458.Last position of target
    • 600.Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels
    • 585.Maximum Number in Mountain Sequence
    • 183.Wood Cut
    • 62.Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 63.Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 159.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 160.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 75.Find Peak Element
    • 60.Search Insert Position
    • 28.Search a 2D Matrix
    • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
    • 14.First Position of Target
    • 74.First Bad Version
    • 875. Koko Eating Bananas
    • 1011. Capacity To Ship Packages Within D Days (M)
    • 410. Split Array Largest Sum (H)
    • 475. Heaters (M)
    • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring (H)
  • 2.Binary Tree
    • Summary
      • 二叉树八股文:递归改迭代
      • BST
      • Frame
    • 66.Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • 67.🌟Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • 145. Binary Tree Postorder Traversal (E)
    • 98.Validate Binary Search Tree(M)
    • 85.Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
    • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree(E)
    • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (E)
    • 236.Lowest Common Ancestor of Binary Tree(M)
    • 578.Lowest Common Ancestor III
    • 1120.Subtree with Maximum Average
    • 596.Minimum Subtree
    • 480.Binary Tree Paths
    • 453.Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List
    • 110.Balanced Binary Tree
    • 376.Binary Tree Path Sum
    • 246.Binary Tree Path Sum II
    • 475.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum II
    • 124.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum (H)
    • Path Sum (*)
      • 112. Path Sum
      • 113. Path Sum II
      • 437. Path Sum III
    • 177.Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree With Minimal Height
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 72,73.Construct Binary Tree
    • Binary Search Tree Path
    • 245.Subtree
    • 469.Identical Binary Tree
    • 87.Remove Node in Binary Search Tree
    • 116.Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node (M)
    • 114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List(M)
    • 654.Maximum Binary Tree (M)
    • 105. 🌟Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal (M)
    • 106. Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal (M)
    • 652. Find Duplicate Subtrees(M)
    • 230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST (M)
    • 538&1038. Convert BST to Greater Tree
    • 450. Delete Node in a BST (M)
    • 701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)
    • 96. Unique Binary Search Trees
    • 95. Unique Binary Search Trees II (M)
    • 1373. Maximum Sum BST in Binary Tree (H)
    • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree (H)
    • 222. Count Complete Tree Nodes (M)
    • 1120. Maximum Average Subtree
    • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • 333. Largest BST Subtree (M)
    • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
    • Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence(*)
      • 298.Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 549. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence II (M)
  • 3.Breadth First Search
    • Introduction
      • BFS 算法解题套路框架
      • 双向 BFS 优化
    • 102.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 107.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II(M)
    • 618.Search Graph Nodes
    • 207.Course Schedule (M)
    • 210.Course Schedule II (M)
    • 611.Knight Shortest Path
    • 598.Zombie in Matrix
    • 133.Clone Graph (M)
    • 178.Graph Valid Tree
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 574.Build Post Office
    • 573.Build Post Office II
    • 127.Topological Sorting
    • 127.Word Ladder
    • 126. Word Ladder II
    • (LeetCode)515.Find Largest Value in Each Tree Row
    • 111. Minimum Depth of Binary Tree (E)
    • 752. Open the Lock
    • 542. 01 Matrix (M)
    • 1306. Jump Game III (M)
  • 4.Depth First Search+BackTracking
    • Summary
      • FloodFill 算法
    • 136.Palindrome Partitioning
    • 39.Combination Sum
    • 40.Combination Sum II
    • 377. Combination Sum IV
    • 77.Combinations (M)
    • 78.Subsets (M)
    • 90.Subsets II (M)
    • 46.🌟Permutations
    • 47.Permutations II
    • 582.Word Break II
    • 490.The Maze (M)
    • 51.N-Queens (H)
    • 52. N-Queens II (H)
    • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (M)
    • 22. Generate Parentheses (M)
    • 岛屿问题
      • 200.Number of Islands (M)
      • 1254. Number of Closed Islands (M)
      • 1020. Number of Enclaves (M)
      • 695. Max Area of Island (M)
      • 1905. Count Sub Islands (M)
      • 694. Number of Distinct Islands
    • 131. Palindrome Partitioning (M)
    • 967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (M)
    • 79. Word Search (M)
    • 212. Word Search II (M)
    • 472. Concatenated Words (H)
    • Page 2
    • 291. Word Pattern II
    • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (M)
  • 5.LinkedList
    • Summary
      • 单链表的倒数第 k 个节点
      • Merge two/k sorted LinkedList
      • Middle of the Linked List
      • 判断链表是否包含环
      • 两个链表是否相交 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 递归反转链表
      • 如何判断回文链表
    • 599.Insert into a Cyclic Sorted List
    • 21.Merge Two Sorted Lists (E)
    • 23.Merge k Sorted Lists (H)
    • 105.Copy List with Random Pointer
    • 141.Linked List Cycle (E)
    • 142.Linked List Cycle II (M)
    • 148.Sort List (M)
    • 86.Partition List (M)
    • 83.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List(E)
    • 82.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II (M)
    • 206.Reverse Linked List (E)
    • 92.Reverse Linked List II (M)
    • 143.Reorder List (M)
    • 19.Remove Nth Node From End of List (E)
    • 170.Rotate List
    • 🤔25.Reverse Nodes in k-Group (H)
    • 452.Remove Linked List Elements
    • 167.Add Two Numbers
    • 221.Add Two Numbers II
    • 876. Middle of the Linked List (E)
    • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists (E)
    • 234. Palindrome Linked List (E)
    • 2130. Maximum Twin Sum of a Linked List (M)
  • 6.Array
    • Summary
      • 前缀和思路PrefixSum
      • 差分数组 Difference Array
      • 双指针Two Pointers
      • 滑动窗口算法算法
      • Sliding windows II
      • 二分搜索Binary Search
      • 排序算法
      • 快速选择算法
    • 604.Window Sum
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 41.Maximum Subarray
    • 42.Maximum Subarray II
    • 43.Maximum Subarray III
    • 620.Maximum Subarray IV
    • 621.Maximum Subarray V
    • 6.Merge Two Sorted Arrays
    • 88.Merge Sorted Array
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 139.Subarray Sum Closest
    • 65.Median of two Sorted Arrays
    • 636.132 Pattern
    • 402.Continuous Subarray Sum
    • 303. Range Sum Query - Immutable (E)
    • 304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)
    • 560. Subarray Sum Equals K (M)
    • 370. Range Addition(M)
    • 1109. Corporate Flight Bookings(M)
    • 1094. Car Pooling (M)
    • 76. Minimum Window Substring(H)
    • 567. Permutation in String (M)
    • 438. Find All Anagrams in a String(M)
    • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters (M)
    • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) (M)
    • 710. Random Pick with Blacklist (H)
    • 528. Random Pick with Weight (M)
    • 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (E)
    • 27. Remove Element (E)
    • 283. Move Zeroes (E)
    • 659. Split Array into Consecutive Subsequences (M)
    • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays (H)
    • 48. Rotate Image (M)
    • 54. Spiral Matrix (M)
    • 59. Spiral Matrix II (M)
    • 918. Maximum Sum Circular Subarray
    • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence (M)
    • 238. Product of Array Except Self (M)
    • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit (M)
    • 1151. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together (M)
    • 2134. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together II
    • 2133. Check if Every Row and Column Contains All Numbers
    • 632. Smallest Range Covering Elements from K Lists (H)
    • 36. Valid Sudoku (M)
    • 383. Ransom Note
    • 228. Summary Ranges
  • 7.Two pointers
    • Summary
      • Two Sum
      • 2Sum 3Sum 4Sum 问题
    • 1.Two Sum I
    • 170.Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • 167.Two Sum II- Input array is sorted
    • 609.Two Sum - Less than or equal to target
    • 610.Two Sum - Difference equals to targe
    • 587.Two Sum - Unique pairs
    • 533.Two Sum - Closest to target
    • 443.Two Sum - Greater than target
    • 653. Two Sum IV - Input is a BST (M)
    • 57.3Sum
    • 59.3Sum Closest
    • 58.4Sum
    • 148.Sort Colors
    • 143.Sort Colors II
    • 31.Partition Array
    • 625.Partition Array II
    • 382.Triangle Count
      • 611. Valid Triangle Number
    • 521.Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
    • 167. Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (E)
    • 870. Advantage Shuffle (M)
    • 9. Palindrome Number (E)
    • 125. Valid Palindrome(E)
    • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring (M)
    • 42. Trapping Rain Water
    • 11. Container With Most Water (M)
    • 658. Find K Closest Elements (M)
    • 392. Is Subsequence
  • 8.Data Structure
    • Summary
      • 数据结构的存储方式
      • 单调栈
      • 单调队列
      • 二叉堆 Binary Heap
      • TreeMap
      • TreeSet
      • 🌟Trie
      • Trie Application
    • 155. Min Stack (E)
    • 716. Max Stack (E)
    • 1648. Sell Diminishing-Valued Colored Balls
    • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks (E)
    • 225. Implement Stack using Queues(E)
    • 84.Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • 128.Hash Function
    • Max Tree
    • 544.Top k Largest Numbers
    • 545.Top k Largest Numbers II
    • 613.High Five
    • 606.Kth Largest Element II
    • 5.Kth Largest Element
    • 129.Rehashing
    • 4.Ugly Number II
    • 517.Ugly Number
    • 28. Implement strStr()
    • 594.strStr II
    • 146.LRU Cache
    • 460.LFU Cache
    • 486.Merge k Sorted Arrays
    • 130.Heapify
    • 215. Kth Largest Element in an Array (M)
    • 612.K Closest Points
    • 692. Top K Frequent Words
    • 347.Top K Frequent Elements
    • 601.Flatten 2D Vector
    • 540.Zigzag Iterator
    • 541.Zigzag Iterator II
    • 423.Valid Parentheses
    • 488.Happy Number
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 627.Longest Palindrome
    • 638.Strings Homomorphism
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 647.Substring Anagrams
    • 171.Anagrams
    • 739. Daily Temperatures(M)
    • 496. Next Greater Element I (E)
    • 503. Next Greater Element II(M)
    • 316. Remove Duplicate Letters(M) & 1081. Smallest Subsequence of Distinct Characters
    • 239. Sliding Window Maximum (H)
    • 355. Design Twitter (M)
    • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack (H)
    • 20. Valid Parentheses (E)
    • 921. Minimum Add to Make Parentheses Valid (M)
    • 1541. Minimum Insertions to Balance a Parentheses String (M)
    • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses (H)
    • Basic Calculator (*)
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 227. Basic Calculator II (M)
    • 844. Backspace String Compare
    • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
    • 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
    • 461.Kth Smallest Numbers in Unsorted Array
    • 1152.Analyze user website visit pattern
    • 811. Subdomain Visit Count (M)
    • 71. Simplify Path (M)
    • 362. Design Hit Counter
  • 9.Dynamic Programming
    • Summary
      • 最优子结构 Optimal Sustructure
      • 子序列解题模板
      • 空间压缩
      • 背包问题
        • Untitled
      • 股票买卖问题
      • KMP
    • 109.Triangle
    • 110.Minimum Path Sum
    • 114.Unique Paths
    • 115.Unique Paths II
    • 70.Climbing Stairs
    • 272.Climbing StairsII
    • 116.Jump Game
    • 117.Jump Game II
    • 322.Coin Change
    • 518. Coin Change 2 ()
    • Backpack I~VI
      • LintCode 563.Backpack V (M)
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock(*)
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II (M)
      • 123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (H)
      • 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (H)
      • 309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (M)
      • 714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (M)
    • 394.Coins in a line
    • 395.Coins in a Line II
    • 509. Fibonacci Number (E)
    • 931. Minimum Falling Path Sum (M)
    • 494. Target Sum (M)
    • 72. Edit Distance (H)
    • 300.Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence (M)
    • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
    • 583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (M)
    • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings(M)
    • 53. Maximum Subarray (E)
    • 516. Longest Palindromic Subsequence (M)
    • 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)
    • 416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)
    • 64. Minimum Path Sum(M)
    • 651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)
    • House Robber (*)
      • 198. House Robber (M)
      • 213. House Robbber II
      • 337. House Robber III (M)
    • Word Break (*)
      • 139.Word Break (M)
    • 140. Word Break II (H)
    • 828. Count Unique Characters of All Substrings of a Given String (H)
    • 174. Dungeon Game (H)
    • 1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)
  • 10. Graph
    • Introduction
      • 有向图的环检测
      • 拓扑排序
      • 二分图判定
      • Union-Find
      • 最小生成树(Minimum Spanning Tree)算法
        • KRUSKAL 最小生成树算法
        • Prim 最小生成树算法
      • Dijkstra 最短路径算法
      • BFS vs DFS
    • 797. All Paths From Source to Target (M)
    • 785. Is Graph Bipartite? (M)
    • 886. Possible Bipartition (M)
    • 130. Surrounded Regions (M)
    • 990. Satisfiability of Equality Equations (M)
    • 721. Accounts Merge (M)
    • 323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (M)
    • 261. Graph Valid Tree
    • 1135. Connecting Cities With Minimum Cost
    • 1584. Min Cost to Connect All Points (M)
    • 277. Find the Celebrity (M)
    • 743. Network Delay Time (M)
    • 1631. Path With Minimum Effort (M)
    • 1514. Path with Maximum Probability (M)
    • 589.Connecting Graph
    • 🌟787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (M)
    • 2050. Parallel Courses III (H)
    • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination (H)
    • 864. Shortest Path to Get All Keys (H)
    • 269. Alien Dictionary (H)
    • 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (H)
    • 529. Minesweeper (M)
  • 11.Math
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  1. 9.Dynamic Programming
  2. Summary

空间压缩

https://labuladong.github.io/algo/3/24/81/

Previous子序列解题模板Next背包问题

Last updated 3 years ago

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动态规划技巧对于算法效率的提升非常可观,一般来说都能把指数级和阶乘级时间复杂度的算法优化成 O(N^2),堪称算法界的二向箔,把各路魑魅魍魉统统打成二次元。

但是,动态规划求解的过程中也是可以进行阶段性优化的,如果你认真观察某些动态规划问题的状态转移方程,就能够把它们解法的空间复杂度进一步降低,由 O(N^2) 降低到 O(N)。

PS:之前我在本文中误用了「状态压缩」这个词,有读者指出「状态压缩」这个词的含义是把多个状态通过二进制运算用一个整数表示出来,从而减少 dp 数组的维度。而本文描述的优化方式是通过观察状态转移方程的依赖关系,从而减少 dp 数组的维度,确实和「状态压缩」有所区别。所以严谨起见,我把原来文章中的「状态压缩」都改为了「空间压缩」,避免名词的误用。

能够使用空间压缩技巧的动态规划都是二维 dp 问题,你看它的状态转移方程,如果计算状态 dp[i][j] 需要的都是 dp[i][j] 相邻的状态,那么就可以使用空间压缩技巧,将二维的 dp 数组转化成一维,将空间复杂度从 O(N^2) 降低到 O(N)。

什么叫「和 dp[i][j] 相邻的状态」呢,比如前文 中,最终的代码如下:

int longestPalindromeSubseq(string s) {
    int n = s.size();
    // dp 数组全部初始化为 0
    vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(n, 0));
    // base case
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        dp[i][i] = 1;
    // 反着遍历保证正确的状态转移
    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
            // 状态转移方程
            if (s[i] == s[j])
                dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1] + 2;
            else
                dp[i][j] = max(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]);
        }
    }
    // 整个 s 的最长回文子串长度
    return dp[0][n - 1];
}

PS:我们本文不探讨如何推状态转移方程,只探讨对二维 DP 问题进行空间压缩的技巧。技巧都是通用的,所以如果你没看过前文,不明白这段代码的逻辑也无妨,完全不会阻碍你学会空间压缩。

你看我们对 dp[i][j] 的更新,其实只依赖于 dp[i+1][j-1], dp[i][j-1], dp[i+1][j] 这三个状态:

这就叫和 dp[i][j] 相邻,反正你计算 dp[i][j] 只需要这三个相邻状态,其实根本不需要那么大一个二维的 dp table 对不对?空间压缩的核心思路就是,将二维数组「投影」到一维数组:

思路很直观,但是也有一个明显的问题,图中 dp[i][j-1] 和 dp[i+1][j-1] 这两个状态处在同一列,而一维数组中只能容下一个,那么当我计算 dp[i][j] 时,他俩必然有一个会被另一个覆盖掉,怎么办?

这就是空间压缩的难点,下面就来分析解决这个问题,还是拿「最长回文子序列」问题距离,它的状态转移方程主要逻辑就是如下这段代码:

for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
        // 状态转移方程
        if (s[i] == s[j])
            dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1] + 2;
        else
            dp[i][j] = max(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]);
    }
}

想把二维 dp 数组压缩成一维,一般来说是把第一个维度,也就是 i 这个维度去掉,只剩下 j 这个维度。压缩后的一维 dp 数组就是之前二维 dp 数组的 dp[i][..] 那一行。

我们先将上述代码进行改造,直接无脑去掉 i 这个维度,把 dp 数组变成一维:

for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
        // 在这里,一维 dp 数组中的数是什么?
        if (s[i] == s[j])
            dp[j] = dp[j - 1] + 2;
        else
            dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j - 1]);
    }
}

上述代码的一维 dp 数组只能表示二维 dp 数组的一行 dp[i][..],那我怎么才能得到 dp[i+1][j-1], dp[i][j-1], dp[i+1][j] 这几个必要的的值,进行状态转移呢?

在代码中注释的位置,将要进行状态转移,更新 dp[j],那么我们要来思考两个问题:

1、在对 dp[j] 赋新值之前,dp[j] 对应着二维 dp 数组中的什么位置?

2、dp[j-1] 对应着二维 dp 数组中的什么位置?

对于问题 1,在对 dp[j] 赋新值之前,dp[j] 的值就是外层 for 循环上一次迭代算出来的值,也就是对应二维 dp 数组中 dp[i+1][j] 的位置。

对于问题 2,dp[j-1] 的值就是内层 for 循环上一次迭代算出来的值,也就是对应二维 dp 数组中 dp[i][j-1] 的位置。

那么问题已经解决了一大半了,只剩下二维 dp 数组中的 dp[i+1][j-1] 这个状态我们不能直接从一维 dp 数组中得到:

for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
        if (s[i] == s[j])
            // dp[i][j] = dp[i+1][j-1] + 2;
            dp[j] = ?? + 2;
        else
            // dp[i][j] = max(dp[i+1][j], dp[i][j-1]);
            dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j - 1]);
    }
}

因为 for 循环遍历 i 和 j 的顺序为从左向右,从下向上,所以可以发现,在更新一维 dp 数组的时候,dp[i+1][j-1] 会被 dp[i][j-1] 覆盖掉,图中标出了这四个位置被遍历到的次序:

那么如果我们想得到 dp[i+1][j-1],就必须在它被覆盖之前用一个临时变量 temp 把它存起来,并把这个变量的值保留到计算 dp[i][j] 的时候。为了达到这个目的,结合上图,我们可以这样写代码:

for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    // 存储 dp[i+1][j-1] 的变量
    int pre = 0;
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
        int temp = dp[j];
        if (s[i] == s[j])
            // dp[i][j] = dp[i+1][j-1] + 2;
            dp[j] = pre + 2;
        else
            dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j - 1]);
        // 到下一轮循环,pre 就是 dp[i+1][j-1] 了
        pre = temp;
    }
}

别小看这段代码,这是一维 dp 最精妙的地方,会者不难,难者不会。为了清晰起见,我用具体的数值来拆解这个逻辑:

假设现在 i = 5, j = 7 且 s[5] == s[7],那么现在会进入下面这个逻辑对吧:

if (s[5] == s[7])
    // dp[5][7] = dp[i+1][j-1] + 2;
    dp[7] = pre + 2;

我问你这个 pre 变量是什么?是内层 for 循环上一次迭代的 temp 值。

那我再问你内层 for 循环上一次迭代的 temp 值是什么?是 dp[j-1] 也就是 dp[6],但这是外层 for 循环上一次迭代对应的 dp[6],也就是二维 dp 数组中的 dp[i+1][6] = dp[6][6]。

也就是说,pre 变量就是 dp[i+1][j-1] = dp[6][6],也就是我们想要的结果。

那么现在我们成功对状态转移方程进行了降维打击,算是最硬的的骨头啃掉了,但注意到我们还有 base case 要处理呀:

// dp 数组全部初始化为 0
vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(n, 0));
// base case
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    dp[i][i] = 1;

如何把 base case 也打成一维呢?很简单,记住空间压缩就是投影,我们把 base case 投影到一维看看:

二维 dp 数组中的 base case 全都落入了一维 dp 数组,不存在冲突和覆盖,所以说我们直接这样写代码就行了:

// 一维 dp 数组全部初始化为 1
vector<int> dp(n, 1);

至此,我们把 base case 和状态转移方程都进行了降维,实际上已经写出完整代码了:

int longestPalindromeSubseq(string s) {
    int n = s.size();
    // base case:一维 dp 数组全部初始化为 0
    vector<int> dp(n, 1);

    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
        int pre = 0;
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
            int temp = dp[j];
            // 状态转移方程
            if (s[i] == s[j])
                dp[j] = pre + 2;
            else
                dp[j] = max(dp[j], dp[j - 1]);
            pre = temp;
        }
    }
    return dp[n - 1];
}

本文就结束了,不过空间压缩技巧再牛逼,也是基于常规动态规划思路之上的。

你也看到了,使用空间压缩技巧对二维 dp 数组进行降维打击之后,解法代码的可读性变得非常差了,如果直接看这种解法,任何人都是一脸懵逼的。算法的优化就是这么一个过程,先写出可读性很好的暴力递归算法,然后尝试运用动态规划技巧优化重叠子问题,最后尝试用空间压缩技巧优化空间复杂度。

希望读者能够稳扎稳打,层层递进,对于这种比较极限的优化,不做也罢。毕竟套路存于心,走遍天下都不怕!

也就是说,你最起码能够熟练运用我们前文 的套路找出状态转移方程,写出一个正确的动态规划解法,然后才有可能观察状态转移的情况,分析是否可能使用空间压缩技巧来优化。

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动态规划框架套路详解