304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)

https://leetcode.com/problems/range-sum-query-2d-immutable/

Given a 2D matrix matrix, handle multiple queries of the following type:

• Calculate the sum of the elements of matrix inside the rectangle defined by its upper left corner (row1, col1) and lower right corner (row2, col2).

Implement the NumMatrix class:

• NumMatrix(int[][] matrix) Initializes the object with the integer matrix matrix.

• int sumRegion(int row1, int col1, int row2, int col2) Returns the sum of the elements of matrix inside the rectangle defined by its upper left corner (row1, col1) and lower right corner (row2, col2).

Example 1:

Input
["NumMatrix", "sumRegion", "sumRegion", "sumRegion"]
[[[[3, 0, 1, 4, 2], [5, 6, 3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 0, 1, 5], [4, 1, 0, 1, 7], [1, 0, 3, 0, 5]]], [2, 1, 4, 3], [1, 1, 2, 2], [1, 2, 2, 4]]
Output
[null, 8, 11, 12]

Explanation
NumMatrix numMatrix = new NumMatrix([[3, 0, 1, 4, 2], [5, 6, 3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 0, 1, 5], [4, 1, 0, 1, 7], [1, 0, 3, 0, 5]]);
numMatrix.sumRegion(2, 1, 4, 3); // return 8 (i.e sum of the red rectangle)
numMatrix.sumRegion(1, 1, 2, 2); // return 11 (i.e sum of the green rectangle)
numMatrix.sumRegion(1, 2, 2, 4); // return 12 (i.e sum of the blue rectangle)

Constraints:

• m == matrix.length

• n == matrix[i].length

• 1 <= m, n <= 200

• -105 <= matrix[i][j] <= 105

• 0 <= row1 <= row2 < m

• 0 <= col1 <= col2 < n

• At most 104 calls will be made to sumRegion.

Solution:

比如说输入的 matrix 如下图：

那么 sumRegion([2,1,4,3]) 就是图中红色的子矩阵，你需要返回该子矩阵的元素和 8。

这题的思路和一维数组中的前缀和是非常类似的，如下图：

如果我想计算红色的这个子矩阵的元素之和，可以用绿色矩阵减去蓝色矩阵减去橙色矩阵最后加上粉色矩阵，而绿蓝橙粉这四个矩阵有一个共同的特点，就是左上角就是 (0, 0) 原点。

那么我们可以维护一个二维 preSum 数组，专门记录以原点为顶点的矩阵的元素之和，就可以用几次加减运算算出任何一个子矩阵的元素和：

class NumMatrix {
    // preSum[i][j] 记录矩阵 [0, 0, i, j] 的元素和
    private int[][] preSum;
    
    public NumMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
        int m = matrix.length, n = matrix[0].length;
        if (m == 0 || n == 0) return;
        // 构造前缀和矩阵
        preSum = new int[m + 1][n + 1];
        for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
            for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
                // 计算每个矩阵 [0, 0, i, j] 的元素和
                preSum[i][j] = preSum[i-1][j] + preSum[i][j-1] + matrix[i - 1][j - 1] - preSum[i-1][j-1];
            }
        }
    }
    
    // 计算子矩阵 [x1, y1, x2, y2] 的元素和
    public int sumRegion(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
        // 目标矩阵之和由四个相邻矩阵运算获得
        return preSum[x2+1][y2+1] - preSum[x1][y2+1] - preSum[x2+1][y1] + preSum[x1][y1];
    }
}

这样，sumRegion 函数的复杂度也用前缀和技巧优化到了 O(1)。