Nine Chapter
  • Introduction
    • Summary
  • 1.Binary Search
    • Introduction
    • 458.Last position of target
    • 600.Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels
    • 585.Maximum Number in Mountain Sequence
    • 183.Wood Cut
    • 62.Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 63.Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 159.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 160.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 75.Find Peak Element
    • 60.Search Insert Position
    • 28.Search a 2D Matrix
    • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
    • 14.First Position of Target
    • 74.First Bad Version
    • 875. Koko Eating Bananas
    • 1011. Capacity To Ship Packages Within D Days (M)
    • 410. Split Array Largest Sum (H)
    • 475. Heaters (M)
    • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring (H)
  • 2.Binary Tree
    • Summary
      • 二叉树八股文:递归改迭代
      • BST
      • Frame
    • 66.Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • 67.🌟Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • 145. Binary Tree Postorder Traversal (E)
    • 98.Validate Binary Search Tree(M)
    • 85.Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
    • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree(E)
    • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (E)
    • 236.Lowest Common Ancestor of Binary Tree(M)
    • 578.Lowest Common Ancestor III
    • 1120.Subtree with Maximum Average
    • 596.Minimum Subtree
    • 480.Binary Tree Paths
    • 453.Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List
    • 110.Balanced Binary Tree
    • 376.Binary Tree Path Sum
    • 246.Binary Tree Path Sum II
    • 475.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum II
    • 124.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum (H)
    • Path Sum (*)
      • 112. Path Sum
      • 113. Path Sum II
      • 437. Path Sum III
    • 177.Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree With Minimal Height
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 72,73.Construct Binary Tree
    • Binary Search Tree Path
    • 245.Subtree
    • 469.Identical Binary Tree
    • 87.Remove Node in Binary Search Tree
    • 116.Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node (M)
    • 114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List(M)
    • 654.Maximum Binary Tree (M)
    • 105. 🌟Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal (M)
    • 106. Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal (M)
    • 652. Find Duplicate Subtrees(M)
    • 230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST (M)
    • 538&1038. Convert BST to Greater Tree
    • 450. Delete Node in a BST (M)
    • 701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)
    • 96. Unique Binary Search Trees
    • 95. Unique Binary Search Trees II (M)
    • 1373. Maximum Sum BST in Binary Tree (H)
    • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree (H)
    • 222. Count Complete Tree Nodes (M)
    • 1120. Maximum Average Subtree
    • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • 333. Largest BST Subtree (M)
    • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
    • Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence(*)
      • 298.Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 549. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence II (M)
  • 3.Breadth First Search
    • Introduction
      • BFS 算法解题套路框架
      • 双向 BFS 优化
    • 102.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 107.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II(M)
    • 618.Search Graph Nodes
    • 207.Course Schedule (M)
    • 210.Course Schedule II (M)
    • 611.Knight Shortest Path
    • 598.Zombie in Matrix
    • 133.Clone Graph (M)
    • 178.Graph Valid Tree
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 574.Build Post Office
    • 573.Build Post Office II
    • 127.Topological Sorting
    • 127.Word Ladder
    • 126. Word Ladder II
    • (LeetCode)515.Find Largest Value in Each Tree Row
    • 111. Minimum Depth of Binary Tree (E)
    • 752. Open the Lock
    • 542. 01 Matrix (M)
    • 1306. Jump Game III (M)
  • 4.Depth First Search+BackTracking
    • Summary
      • FloodFill 算法
    • 136.Palindrome Partitioning
    • 39.Combination Sum
    • 40.Combination Sum II
    • 377. Combination Sum IV
    • 77.Combinations (M)
    • 78.Subsets (M)
    • 90.Subsets II (M)
    • 46.🌟Permutations
    • 47.Permutations II
    • 582.Word Break II
    • 490.The Maze (M)
    • 51.N-Queens (H)
    • 52. N-Queens II (H)
    • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (M)
    • 22. Generate Parentheses (M)
    • 岛屿问题
      • 200.Number of Islands (M)
      • 1254. Number of Closed Islands (M)
      • 1020. Number of Enclaves (M)
      • 695. Max Area of Island (M)
      • 1905. Count Sub Islands (M)
      • 694. Number of Distinct Islands
    • 131. Palindrome Partitioning (M)
    • 967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (M)
    • 79. Word Search (M)
    • 212. Word Search II (M)
    • 472. Concatenated Words (H)
    • Page 2
    • 291. Word Pattern II
    • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (M)
  • 5.LinkedList
    • Summary
      • 单链表的倒数第 k 个节点
      • Merge two/k sorted LinkedList
      • Middle of the Linked List
      • 判断链表是否包含环
      • 两个链表是否相交 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 递归反转链表
      • 如何判断回文链表
    • 599.Insert into a Cyclic Sorted List
    • 21.Merge Two Sorted Lists (E)
    • 23.Merge k Sorted Lists (H)
    • 105.Copy List with Random Pointer
    • 141.Linked List Cycle (E)
    • 142.Linked List Cycle II (M)
    • 148.Sort List (M)
    • 86.Partition List (M)
    • 83.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List(E)
    • 82.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II (M)
    • 206.Reverse Linked List (E)
    • 92.Reverse Linked List II (M)
    • 143.Reorder List (M)
    • 19.Remove Nth Node From End of List (E)
    • 170.Rotate List
    • 🤔25.Reverse Nodes in k-Group (H)
    • 452.Remove Linked List Elements
    • 167.Add Two Numbers
    • 221.Add Two Numbers II
    • 876. Middle of the Linked List (E)
    • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists (E)
    • 234. Palindrome Linked List (E)
    • 2130. Maximum Twin Sum of a Linked List (M)
  • 6.Array
    • Summary
      • 前缀和思路PrefixSum
      • 差分数组 Difference Array
      • 双指针Two Pointers
      • 滑动窗口算法算法
      • Sliding windows II
      • 二分搜索Binary Search
      • 排序算法
      • 快速选择算法
    • 604.Window Sum
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 41.Maximum Subarray
    • 42.Maximum Subarray II
    • 43.Maximum Subarray III
    • 620.Maximum Subarray IV
    • 621.Maximum Subarray V
    • 6.Merge Two Sorted Arrays
    • 88.Merge Sorted Array
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 139.Subarray Sum Closest
    • 65.Median of two Sorted Arrays
    • 636.132 Pattern
    • 402.Continuous Subarray Sum
    • 303. Range Sum Query - Immutable (E)
    • 304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)
    • 560. Subarray Sum Equals K (M)
    • 370. Range Addition(M)
    • 1109. Corporate Flight Bookings(M)
    • 1094. Car Pooling (M)
    • 76. Minimum Window Substring(H)
    • 567. Permutation in String (M)
    • 438. Find All Anagrams in a String(M)
    • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters (M)
    • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) (M)
    • 710. Random Pick with Blacklist (H)
    • 528. Random Pick with Weight (M)
    • 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (E)
    • 27. Remove Element (E)
    • 283. Move Zeroes (E)
    • 659. Split Array into Consecutive Subsequences (M)
    • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays (H)
    • 48. Rotate Image (M)
    • 54. Spiral Matrix (M)
    • 59. Spiral Matrix II (M)
    • 918. Maximum Sum Circular Subarray
    • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence (M)
    • 238. Product of Array Except Self (M)
    • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit (M)
    • 1151. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together (M)
    • 2134. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together II
    • 2133. Check if Every Row and Column Contains All Numbers
    • 632. Smallest Range Covering Elements from K Lists (H)
    • 36. Valid Sudoku (M)
    • 383. Ransom Note
    • 228. Summary Ranges
  • 7.Two pointers
    • Summary
      • Two Sum
      • 2Sum 3Sum 4Sum 问题
    • 1.Two Sum I
    • 170.Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • 167.Two Sum II- Input array is sorted
    • 609.Two Sum - Less than or equal to target
    • 610.Two Sum - Difference equals to targe
    • 587.Two Sum - Unique pairs
    • 533.Two Sum - Closest to target
    • 443.Two Sum - Greater than target
    • 653. Two Sum IV - Input is a BST (M)
    • 57.3Sum
    • 59.3Sum Closest
    • 58.4Sum
    • 148.Sort Colors
    • 143.Sort Colors II
    • 31.Partition Array
    • 625.Partition Array II
    • 382.Triangle Count
      • 611. Valid Triangle Number
    • 521.Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
    • 167. Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (E)
    • 870. Advantage Shuffle (M)
    • 9. Palindrome Number (E)
    • 125. Valid Palindrome(E)
    • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring (M)
    • 42. Trapping Rain Water
    • 11. Container With Most Water (M)
    • 658. Find K Closest Elements (M)
    • 392. Is Subsequence
  • 8.Data Structure
    • Summary
      • 数据结构的存储方式
      • 单调栈
      • 单调队列
      • 二叉堆 Binary Heap
      • TreeMap
      • TreeSet
      • 🌟Trie
      • Trie Application
    • 155. Min Stack (E)
    • 716. Max Stack (E)
    • 1648. Sell Diminishing-Valued Colored Balls
    • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks (E)
    • 225. Implement Stack using Queues(E)
    • 84.Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • 128.Hash Function
    • Max Tree
    • 544.Top k Largest Numbers
    • 545.Top k Largest Numbers II
    • 613.High Five
    • 606.Kth Largest Element II
    • 5.Kth Largest Element
    • 129.Rehashing
    • 4.Ugly Number II
    • 517.Ugly Number
    • 28. Implement strStr()
    • 594.strStr II
    • 146.LRU Cache
    • 460.LFU Cache
    • 486.Merge k Sorted Arrays
    • 130.Heapify
    • 215. Kth Largest Element in an Array (M)
    • 612.K Closest Points
    • 692. Top K Frequent Words
    • 347.Top K Frequent Elements
    • 601.Flatten 2D Vector
    • 540.Zigzag Iterator
    • 541.Zigzag Iterator II
    • 423.Valid Parentheses
    • 488.Happy Number
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 627.Longest Palindrome
    • 638.Strings Homomorphism
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 647.Substring Anagrams
    • 171.Anagrams
    • 739. Daily Temperatures(M)
    • 496. Next Greater Element I (E)
    • 503. Next Greater Element II(M)
    • 316. Remove Duplicate Letters(M) & 1081. Smallest Subsequence of Distinct Characters
    • 239. Sliding Window Maximum (H)
    • 355. Design Twitter (M)
    • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack (H)
    • 20. Valid Parentheses (E)
    • 921. Minimum Add to Make Parentheses Valid (M)
    • 1541. Minimum Insertions to Balance a Parentheses String (M)
    • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses (H)
    • Basic Calculator (*)
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 227. Basic Calculator II (M)
    • 844. Backspace String Compare
    • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
    • 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
    • 461.Kth Smallest Numbers in Unsorted Array
    • 1152.Analyze user website visit pattern
    • 811. Subdomain Visit Count (M)
    • 71. Simplify Path (M)
    • 362. Design Hit Counter
  • 9.Dynamic Programming
    • Summary
      • 最优子结构 Optimal Sustructure
      • 子序列解题模板
      • 空间压缩
      • 背包问题
        • Untitled
      • 股票买卖问题
      • KMP
    • 109.Triangle
    • 110.Minimum Path Sum
    • 114.Unique Paths
    • 115.Unique Paths II
    • 70.Climbing Stairs
    • 272.Climbing StairsII
    • 116.Jump Game
    • 117.Jump Game II
    • 322.Coin Change
    • 518. Coin Change 2 ()
    • Backpack I~VI
      • LintCode 563.Backpack V (M)
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock(*)
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II (M)
      • 123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (H)
      • 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (H)
      • 309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (M)
      • 714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (M)
    • 394.Coins in a line
    • 395.Coins in a Line II
    • 509. Fibonacci Number (E)
    • 931. Minimum Falling Path Sum (M)
    • 494. Target Sum (M)
    • 72. Edit Distance (H)
    • 300.Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence (M)
    • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
    • 583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (M)
    • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings(M)
    • 53. Maximum Subarray (E)
    • 516. Longest Palindromic Subsequence (M)
    • 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)
    • 416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)
    • 64. Minimum Path Sum(M)
    • 651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)
    • House Robber (*)
      • 198. House Robber (M)
      • 213. House Robbber II
      • 337. House Robber III (M)
    • Word Break (*)
      • 139.Word Break (M)
    • 140. Word Break II (H)
    • 828. Count Unique Characters of All Substrings of a Given String (H)
    • 174. Dungeon Game (H)
    • 1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)
  • 10. Graph
    • Introduction
      • 有向图的环检测
      • 拓扑排序
      • 二分图判定
      • Union-Find
      • 最小生成树(Minimum Spanning Tree)算法
        • KRUSKAL 最小生成树算法
        • Prim 最小生成树算法
      • Dijkstra 最短路径算法
      • BFS vs DFS
    • 797. All Paths From Source to Target (M)
    • 785. Is Graph Bipartite? (M)
    • 886. Possible Bipartition (M)
    • 130. Surrounded Regions (M)
    • 990. Satisfiability of Equality Equations (M)
    • 721. Accounts Merge (M)
    • 323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (M)
    • 261. Graph Valid Tree
    • 1135. Connecting Cities With Minimum Cost
    • 1584. Min Cost to Connect All Points (M)
    • 277. Find the Celebrity (M)
    • 743. Network Delay Time (M)
    • 1631. Path With Minimum Effort (M)
    • 1514. Path with Maximum Probability (M)
    • 589.Connecting Graph
    • 🌟787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (M)
    • 2050. Parallel Courses III (H)
    • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination (H)
    • 864. Shortest Path to Get All Keys (H)
    • 269. Alien Dictionary (H)
    • 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (H)
    • 529. Minesweeper (M)
  • 11.Math
    • Page 1
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  1. 9.Dynamic Programming

1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)

https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-insertion-steps-to-make-a-string-palindrome/

Given a string s. In one step you can insert any character at any index of the string.

Return the minimum number of steps to make s palindrome.

A Palindrome String is one that reads the same backward as well as forward.

Example 1:

Input: s = "zzazz"
Output: 0
Explanation: The string "zzazz" is already palindrome we don't need any insertions.

Example 2:

Input: s = "mbadm"
Output: 2
Explanation: String can be "mbdadbm" or "mdbabdm".

Example 3:

Input: s = "leetcode"
Output: 5
Explanation: Inserting 5 characters the string becomes "leetcodocteel".

Constraints:

  • 1 <= s.length <= 500

  • s consists of lowercase English letters.

Solution:

首先,要找最少的插入次数,那肯定得穷举喽,如果我们用暴力算法穷举出所有插入方法,时间复杂度是多少?

每次都可以在两个字符的中间插入任意一个字符,外加判断字符串是否为回文字符串,这时间复杂度肯定爆炸,是指数级。

那么无疑,这个问题需要使用动态规划技巧来解决。之前的文章说过,回文问题一般都是从字符串的中间向两端扩散,构造回文串也是类似的。

我们定义一个二维的 dp 数组,dp[i][j] 的定义如下:对字符串 s[i..j],最少需要进行 dp[i][j] 次插入才能变成回文串。

我们想求整个 s 的最少插入次数,根据这个定义,也就是想求 dp[0][n-1] 的大小(n 为 s 的长度)。

同时,base case 也很容易想到,当 i == j 时 dp[i][j] = 0,因为当 i == j 时 s[i..j] 就是一个字符,本身就是回文串,所以不需要进行任何插入操作。

接下来就是动态规划的重头戏了,利用数学归纳法思考状态转移方程。

状态转移方程

状态转移就是从小规模问题的答案推导更大规模问题的答案,从 base case 向其他状态推导嘛。如果我们现在想计算 dp[i][j] 的值,而且假设我们已经计算出了子问题 dp[i+1][j-1] 的值了,你能不能想办法推出 dp[i][j] 的值呢?

既然已经算出 dp[i+1][j-1],即知道了 s[i+1..j-1] 成为回文串的最小插入次数,那么也就可以认为 s[i+1..j-1] 已经是一个回文串了,所以通过 dp[i+1][j-1] 推导 dp[i][j] 的关键就在于 s[i] 和 s[j] 这两个字符。

这个得分情况讨论,如果 s[i] == s[j] 的话,我们不需要进行任何插入,只要知道如何把 s[i+1..j-1] 变成回文串即可:

翻译成代码就是这样:

if (s[i] == s[j]) {
    dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1];
}

如果 s[i] != s[j] 的话,就比较麻烦了,比如下面这种情况:

最简单的想法就是,先把 s[j] 插到 s[i] 右边,同时把 s[i] 插到 s[j] 右边,这样构造出来的字符串一定是回文串:

PS:当然,把 s[j] 插到 s[i] 左边,然后把 s[i] 插到 s[j] 左边也是一样的,后面会分析。

但是,这是不是就意味着代码可以直接这样写呢?

if (s[i] != s[j]) {
    // 把 s[j] 插到 s[i] 右边,把 s[i] 插到 s[j] 右边
    dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1] + 2;
}

不对,比如说如下这两种情况,只需要插入一个字符即可使得 s[i..j] 变成回文:

所以说,当 s[i] != s[j] 时,无脑插入两次肯定是可以让 s[i..j] 变成回文串,但是不一定是插入次数最少的,最优的插入方案应该被拆解成如下流程:

步骤一,做选择,先将 s[i..j-1] 或者 s[i+1..j] 变成回文串。怎么做选择呢?谁变成回文串的插入次数少,就选谁呗。

比如图二的情况,将 s[i+1..j] 变成回文串的代价小,因为它本身就是回文串,根本不需要插入;同理,对于图三,将 s[i..j-1] 变成回文串的代价更小。

然而,如果 s[i+1..j] 和 s[i..j-1] 都不是回文串,都至少需要插入一个字符才能变成回文,所以选择哪一个都一样:

那我怎么知道 s[i+1..j] 和 s[i..j-1] 谁变成回文串的代价更小呢?

回头看看 dp 数组的定义是什么,dp[i+1][j] 和 dp[i][j-1] 不就是它们变成回文串的代价么?

步骤二,根据步骤一的选择,将 s[i..j] 变成回文。

如果你在步骤一中选择把 s[i+1..j] 变成回文串,那么在 s[i+1..j] 右边插入一个字符 s[i] 一定可以将 s[i..j] 变成回文;同理,如果在步骤一中选择把 s[i..j-1] 变成回文串,在 s[i..j-1] 左边插入一个字符 s[j] 一定可以将 s[i..j] 变成回文。

那么根据刚才对 dp 数组的定义以及以上的分析,s[i] != s[j] 时的代码逻辑如下:

if (s[i] != s[j]) {
    // 步骤一选择代价较小的
    // 步骤二必然要进行一次插入
    dp[i][j] = min(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]) + 1;
}

综合起来,状态转移方程如下:

if (s[i] == s[j]) {
    dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1];
} else {
    dp[i][j] = min(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]) + 1;
}

这就是动态规划算法核心,我们可以直接写出解法代码了。

代码实现

首先想想 base case 是什么,当 i == j 时 dp[i][j] = 0,因为这时候 s[i..j] 就是单个字符,本身就是回文串,不需要任何插入;最终的答案是 dp[0][n-1](n 是字符串 s 的长度)。那么 dp table 长这样:

又因为状态转移方程中 dp[i][j] 和 dp[i+1][j],dp[i]-1],dp[i+1][j-1] 三个状态有关,为了保证每次计算 dp[i][j] 时,这三个状态都已经被计算,我们一般选择从下向上,从左到右遍历 dp 数组:

完整代码如下:

int minInsertions(string s) {
    int n = s.size();
    // 定义:对 s[i..j],最少需要插入 dp[i][j] 次才能变成回文
    vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(n, 0));
    // base case:i == j 时 dp[i][j] = 0,单个字符本身就是回文
    // dp 数组已经全部初始化为 0,base case 已初始化

    // 从下向上遍历
    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
        // 从左向右遍历
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
            // 根据 s[i] 和 s[j] 进行状态转移
            if (s[i] == s[j]) {
                dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1];
            } else {
                dp[i][j] = min(dp[i + 1][j], dp[i][j - 1]) + 1;
            }
        }
    }
    // 根据 dp 数组的定义,题目要求的答案
    return dp[0][n - 1];
}

现在这道题就解决了,时间和空间复杂度都是 O(N^2)。还有一个小优化,注意到 dp 数组的状态之和它相邻的状态有关,所以 dp 数组是可以压缩成一维的:

int minInsertions(string s) {
    int n = s.size();
    vector<int> dp(n, 0);
    
    int temp = 0;
    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
        // 记录 dp[i+1][j-1]
        int pre = 0;
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
            temp = dp[j];
            
            if (s[i] == s[j]) {
                // dp[i][j] = dp[i+1][j-1];
                dp[j] = pre;
            } else {
                // dp[i][j] = min(dp[i+1][j], dp[i][j-1]) + 1;
                dp[j] = =min(dp[j], dp[j - 1]) + 1;
            }
            
            pre = temp;
        }
    }
    
    return dp[n - 1];
}

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至于这个空间优化是怎么做的,我们前文 详细介绍过,这里就不展开了。

空间压缩技巧