Nine Chapter
  • Introduction
    • Summary
  • 1.Binary Search
    • Introduction
    • 458.Last position of target
    • 600.Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels
    • 585.Maximum Number in Mountain Sequence
    • 183.Wood Cut
    • 62.Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 63.Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 159.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 160.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 75.Find Peak Element
    • 60.Search Insert Position
    • 28.Search a 2D Matrix
    • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
    • 14.First Position of Target
    • 74.First Bad Version
    • 875. Koko Eating Bananas
    • 1011. Capacity To Ship Packages Within D Days (M)
    • 410. Split Array Largest Sum (H)
    • 475. Heaters (M)
    • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring (H)
  • 2.Binary Tree
    • Summary
      • 二叉树八股文:递归改迭代
      • BST
      • Frame
    • 66.Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • 67.🌟Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • 145. Binary Tree Postorder Traversal (E)
    • 98.Validate Binary Search Tree(M)
    • 85.Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
    • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree(E)
    • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (E)
    • 236.Lowest Common Ancestor of Binary Tree(M)
    • 578.Lowest Common Ancestor III
    • 1120.Subtree with Maximum Average
    • 596.Minimum Subtree
    • 480.Binary Tree Paths
    • 453.Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List
    • 110.Balanced Binary Tree
    • 376.Binary Tree Path Sum
    • 246.Binary Tree Path Sum II
    • 475.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum II
    • 124.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum (H)
    • Path Sum (*)
      • 112. Path Sum
      • 113. Path Sum II
      • 437. Path Sum III
    • 177.Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree With Minimal Height
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 72,73.Construct Binary Tree
    • Binary Search Tree Path
    • 245.Subtree
    • 469.Identical Binary Tree
    • 87.Remove Node in Binary Search Tree
    • 116.Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node (M)
    • 114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List(M)
    • 654.Maximum Binary Tree (M)
    • 105. 🌟Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal (M)
    • 106. Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal (M)
    • 652. Find Duplicate Subtrees(M)
    • 230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST (M)
    • 538&1038. Convert BST to Greater Tree
    • 450. Delete Node in a BST (M)
    • 701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)
    • 96. Unique Binary Search Trees
    • 95. Unique Binary Search Trees II (M)
    • 1373. Maximum Sum BST in Binary Tree (H)
    • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree (H)
    • 222. Count Complete Tree Nodes (M)
    • 1120. Maximum Average Subtree
    • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • 333. Largest BST Subtree (M)
    • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
    • Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence(*)
      • 298.Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 549. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence II (M)
  • 3.Breadth First Search
    • Introduction
      • BFS 算法解题套路框架
      • 双向 BFS 优化
    • 102.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 107.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II(M)
    • 618.Search Graph Nodes
    • 207.Course Schedule (M)
    • 210.Course Schedule II (M)
    • 611.Knight Shortest Path
    • 598.Zombie in Matrix
    • 133.Clone Graph (M)
    • 178.Graph Valid Tree
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 574.Build Post Office
    • 573.Build Post Office II
    • 127.Topological Sorting
    • 127.Word Ladder
    • 126. Word Ladder II
    • (LeetCode)515.Find Largest Value in Each Tree Row
    • 111. Minimum Depth of Binary Tree (E)
    • 752. Open the Lock
    • 542. 01 Matrix (M)
    • 1306. Jump Game III (M)
  • 4.Depth First Search+BackTracking
    • Summary
      • FloodFill 算法
    • 136.Palindrome Partitioning
    • 39.Combination Sum
    • 40.Combination Sum II
    • 377. Combination Sum IV
    • 77.Combinations (M)
    • 78.Subsets (M)
    • 90.Subsets II (M)
    • 46.🌟Permutations
    • 47.Permutations II
    • 582.Word Break II
    • 490.The Maze (M)
    • 51.N-Queens (H)
    • 52. N-Queens II (H)
    • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (M)
    • 22. Generate Parentheses (M)
    • 岛屿问题
      • 200.Number of Islands (M)
      • 1254. Number of Closed Islands (M)
      • 1020. Number of Enclaves (M)
      • 695. Max Area of Island (M)
      • 1905. Count Sub Islands (M)
      • 694. Number of Distinct Islands
    • 131. Palindrome Partitioning (M)
    • 967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (M)
    • 79. Word Search (M)
    • 212. Word Search II (M)
    • 472. Concatenated Words (H)
    • Page 2
    • 291. Word Pattern II
    • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (M)
  • 5.LinkedList
    • Summary
      • 单链表的倒数第 k 个节点
      • Merge two/k sorted LinkedList
      • Middle of the Linked List
      • 判断链表是否包含环
      • 两个链表是否相交 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 递归反转链表
      • 如何判断回文链表
    • 599.Insert into a Cyclic Sorted List
    • 21.Merge Two Sorted Lists (E)
    • 23.Merge k Sorted Lists (H)
    • 105.Copy List with Random Pointer
    • 141.Linked List Cycle (E)
    • 142.Linked List Cycle II (M)
    • 148.Sort List (M)
    • 86.Partition List (M)
    • 83.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List(E)
    • 82.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II (M)
    • 206.Reverse Linked List (E)
    • 92.Reverse Linked List II (M)
    • 143.Reorder List (M)
    • 19.Remove Nth Node From End of List (E)
    • 170.Rotate List
    • 🤔25.Reverse Nodes in k-Group (H)
    • 452.Remove Linked List Elements
    • 167.Add Two Numbers
    • 221.Add Two Numbers II
    • 876. Middle of the Linked List (E)
    • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists (E)
    • 234. Palindrome Linked List (E)
    • 2130. Maximum Twin Sum of a Linked List (M)
  • 6.Array
    • Summary
      • 前缀和思路PrefixSum
      • 差分数组 Difference Array
      • 双指针Two Pointers
      • 滑动窗口算法算法
      • Sliding windows II
      • 二分搜索Binary Search
      • 排序算法
      • 快速选择算法
    • 604.Window Sum
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 41.Maximum Subarray
    • 42.Maximum Subarray II
    • 43.Maximum Subarray III
    • 620.Maximum Subarray IV
    • 621.Maximum Subarray V
    • 6.Merge Two Sorted Arrays
    • 88.Merge Sorted Array
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 139.Subarray Sum Closest
    • 65.Median of two Sorted Arrays
    • 636.132 Pattern
    • 402.Continuous Subarray Sum
    • 303. Range Sum Query - Immutable (E)
    • 304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)
    • 560. Subarray Sum Equals K (M)
    • 370. Range Addition(M)
    • 1109. Corporate Flight Bookings(M)
    • 1094. Car Pooling (M)
    • 76. Minimum Window Substring(H)
    • 567. Permutation in String (M)
    • 438. Find All Anagrams in a String(M)
    • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters (M)
    • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) (M)
    • 710. Random Pick with Blacklist (H)
    • 528. Random Pick with Weight (M)
    • 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (E)
    • 27. Remove Element (E)
    • 283. Move Zeroes (E)
    • 659. Split Array into Consecutive Subsequences (M)
    • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays (H)
    • 48. Rotate Image (M)
    • 54. Spiral Matrix (M)
    • 59. Spiral Matrix II (M)
    • 918. Maximum Sum Circular Subarray
    • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence (M)
    • 238. Product of Array Except Self (M)
    • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit (M)
    • 1151. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together (M)
    • 2134. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together II
    • 2133. Check if Every Row and Column Contains All Numbers
    • 632. Smallest Range Covering Elements from K Lists (H)
    • 36. Valid Sudoku (M)
    • 383. Ransom Note
    • 228. Summary Ranges
  • 7.Two pointers
    • Summary
      • Two Sum
      • 2Sum 3Sum 4Sum 问题
    • 1.Two Sum I
    • 170.Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • 167.Two Sum II- Input array is sorted
    • 609.Two Sum - Less than or equal to target
    • 610.Two Sum - Difference equals to targe
    • 587.Two Sum - Unique pairs
    • 533.Two Sum - Closest to target
    • 443.Two Sum - Greater than target
    • 653. Two Sum IV - Input is a BST (M)
    • 57.3Sum
    • 59.3Sum Closest
    • 58.4Sum
    • 148.Sort Colors
    • 143.Sort Colors II
    • 31.Partition Array
    • 625.Partition Array II
    • 382.Triangle Count
      • 611. Valid Triangle Number
    • 521.Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
    • 167. Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (E)
    • 870. Advantage Shuffle (M)
    • 9. Palindrome Number (E)
    • 125. Valid Palindrome(E)
    • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring (M)
    • 42. Trapping Rain Water
    • 11. Container With Most Water (M)
    • 658. Find K Closest Elements (M)
    • 392. Is Subsequence
  • 8.Data Structure
    • Summary
      • 数据结构的存储方式
      • 单调栈
      • 单调队列
      • 二叉堆 Binary Heap
      • TreeMap
      • TreeSet
      • 🌟Trie
      • Trie Application
    • 155. Min Stack (E)
    • 716. Max Stack (E)
    • 1648. Sell Diminishing-Valued Colored Balls
    • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks (E)
    • 225. Implement Stack using Queues(E)
    • 84.Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • 128.Hash Function
    • Max Tree
    • 544.Top k Largest Numbers
    • 545.Top k Largest Numbers II
    • 613.High Five
    • 606.Kth Largest Element II
    • 5.Kth Largest Element
    • 129.Rehashing
    • 4.Ugly Number II
    • 517.Ugly Number
    • 28. Implement strStr()
    • 594.strStr II
    • 146.LRU Cache
    • 460.LFU Cache
    • 486.Merge k Sorted Arrays
    • 130.Heapify
    • 215. Kth Largest Element in an Array (M)
    • 612.K Closest Points
    • 692. Top K Frequent Words
    • 347.Top K Frequent Elements
    • 601.Flatten 2D Vector
    • 540.Zigzag Iterator
    • 541.Zigzag Iterator II
    • 423.Valid Parentheses
    • 488.Happy Number
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 627.Longest Palindrome
    • 638.Strings Homomorphism
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 647.Substring Anagrams
    • 171.Anagrams
    • 739. Daily Temperatures(M)
    • 496. Next Greater Element I (E)
    • 503. Next Greater Element II(M)
    • 316. Remove Duplicate Letters(M) & 1081. Smallest Subsequence of Distinct Characters
    • 239. Sliding Window Maximum (H)
    • 355. Design Twitter (M)
    • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack (H)
    • 20. Valid Parentheses (E)
    • 921. Minimum Add to Make Parentheses Valid (M)
    • 1541. Minimum Insertions to Balance a Parentheses String (M)
    • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses (H)
    • Basic Calculator (*)
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 227. Basic Calculator II (M)
    • 844. Backspace String Compare
    • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
    • 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
    • 461.Kth Smallest Numbers in Unsorted Array
    • 1152.Analyze user website visit pattern
    • 811. Subdomain Visit Count (M)
    • 71. Simplify Path (M)
    • 362. Design Hit Counter
  • 9.Dynamic Programming
    • Summary
      • 最优子结构 Optimal Sustructure
      • 子序列解题模板
      • 空间压缩
      • 背包问题
        • Untitled
      • 股票买卖问题
      • KMP
    • 109.Triangle
    • 110.Minimum Path Sum
    • 114.Unique Paths
    • 115.Unique Paths II
    • 70.Climbing Stairs
    • 272.Climbing StairsII
    • 116.Jump Game
    • 117.Jump Game II
    • 322.Coin Change
    • 518. Coin Change 2 ()
    • Backpack I~VI
      • LintCode 563.Backpack V (M)
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock(*)
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II (M)
      • 123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (H)
      • 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (H)
      • 309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (M)
      • 714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (M)
    • 394.Coins in a line
    • 395.Coins in a Line II
    • 509. Fibonacci Number (E)
    • 931. Minimum Falling Path Sum (M)
    • 494. Target Sum (M)
    • 72. Edit Distance (H)
    • 300.Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence (M)
    • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
    • 583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (M)
    • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings(M)
    • 53. Maximum Subarray (E)
    • 516. Longest Palindromic Subsequence (M)
    • 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)
    • 416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)
    • 64. Minimum Path Sum(M)
    • 651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)
    • House Robber (*)
      • 198. House Robber (M)
      • 213. House Robbber II
      • 337. House Robber III (M)
    • Word Break (*)
      • 139.Word Break (M)
    • 140. Word Break II (H)
    • 828. Count Unique Characters of All Substrings of a Given String (H)
    • 174. Dungeon Game (H)
    • 1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)
  • 10. Graph
    • Introduction
      • 有向图的环检测
      • 拓扑排序
      • 二分图判定
      • Union-Find
      • 最小生成树(Minimum Spanning Tree)算法
        • KRUSKAL 最小生成树算法
        • Prim 最小生成树算法
      • Dijkstra 最短路径算法
      • BFS vs DFS
    • 797. All Paths From Source to Target (M)
    • 785. Is Graph Bipartite? (M)
    • 886. Possible Bipartition (M)
    • 130. Surrounded Regions (M)
    • 990. Satisfiability of Equality Equations (M)
    • 721. Accounts Merge (M)
    • 323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (M)
    • 261. Graph Valid Tree
    • 1135. Connecting Cities With Minimum Cost
    • 1584. Min Cost to Connect All Points (M)
    • 277. Find the Celebrity (M)
    • 743. Network Delay Time (M)
    • 1631. Path With Minimum Effort (M)
    • 1514. Path with Maximum Probability (M)
    • 589.Connecting Graph
    • 🌟787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (M)
    • 2050. Parallel Courses III (H)
    • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination (H)
    • 864. Shortest Path to Get All Keys (H)
    • 269. Alien Dictionary (H)
    • 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (H)
    • 529. Minesweeper (M)
  • 11.Math
    • Page 1
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  1. 9.Dynamic Programming

416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)

https://leetcode.com/problems/partition-equal-subset-sum/

Given a non-empty array nums containing only positive integers, find if the array can be partitioned into two subsets such that the sum of elements in both subsets is equal.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,5,11,5]
Output: true
Explanation: The array can be partitioned as [1, 5, 5] and [11].

Example 2:

Input: nums = [1,2,3,5]
Output: false
Explanation: The array cannot be partitioned into equal sum subsets.

Constraints:

  • 1 <= nums.length <= 200

  • 1 <= nums[i] <= 100

Solution:

对于这个问题,看起来和背包没有任何关系,为什么说它是背包问题呢?

首先回忆一下背包问题大致的描述是什么:

给你一个可装载重量为 W 的背包和 N 个物品,每个物品有重量和价值两个属性。其中第 i 个物品的重量为 wt[i],价值为 val[i],现在让你用这个背包装物品,最多能装的价值是多少?

那么对于这个问题,我们可以先对集合求和,得出 sum,把问题转化为背包问题:

给一个可装载重量为 sum / 2 的背包和 N 个物品,每个物品的重量为 nums[i]。现在让你装物品,是否存在一种装法,能够恰好将背包装满?

你看,这就是背包问题的模型,甚至比我们之前的经典背包问题还要简单一些,下面我们就直接转换成背包问题,开始套前文讲过的背包问题框架即可。

二、解法分析

第一步要明确两点,「状态」和「选择」。

第二步要明确 dp 数组的定义。

按照背包问题的套路,可以给出如下定义:

dp[i][j] = x 表示,对于前 i 个物品,当前背包的容量为 j 时,若 x 为 true,则说明可以恰好将背包装满,若 x 为 false,则说明不能恰好将背包装满。

比如说,如果 dp[4][9] = true,其含义为:对于容量为 9 的背包,若只是用前 4 个物品,可以有一种方法把背包恰好装满。

或者说对于本题,含义是对于给定的集合中,若只对前 4 个数字进行选择,存在一个子集的和可以恰好凑出 9。

根据这个定义,我们想求的最终答案就是 dp[N][sum/2],base case 就是 dp[..][0] = true 和 dp[0][..] = false,因为背包没有空间的时候,就相当于装满了,而当没有物品可选择的时候,肯定没办法装满背包。

第三步,根据「选择」,思考状态转移的逻辑。

回想刚才的 dp 数组含义,可以根据「选择」对 dp[i][j] 得到以下状态转移:

如果不把 nums[i] 算入子集,或者说你不把这第 i 个物品装入背包,那么是否能够恰好装满背包,取决于上一个状态 dp[i-1][j],继承之前的结果。

如果把 nums[i] 算入子集,或者说你把这第 i 个物品装入了背包,那么是否能够恰好装满背包,取决于状态 dp[i-1][j-nums[i-1]]。

首先,由于 i 是从 1 开始的,而数组索引是从 0 开始的,所以第 i 个物品的重量应该是 nums[i-1],这一点不要搞混。

dp[i - 1][j-nums[i-1]] 也很好理解:你如果装了第 i 个物品,就要看背包的剩余重量 j - nums[i-1] 限制下是否能够被恰好装满。

换句话说,如果 j - nums[i-1] 的重量可以被恰好装满,那么只要把第 i 个物品装进去,也可恰好装满 j 的重量;否则的话,重量 j 肯定是装不满的。

最后一步,把伪码翻译成代码,处理一些边界情况。

以下是我的 C++ 代码,完全翻译了之前的思路,并处理了一些边界情况:

boolean canPartition(int[] nums) {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int num : nums) sum += num;
    // 和为奇数时,不可能划分成两个和相等的集合
    if (sum % 2 != 0) return false;
    int n = nums.length;
    sum = sum / 2;
    boolean[][] dp = new boolean[n + 1][sum + 1];
    // base case
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
        dp[i][0] = true;

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        for (int j = 1; j <= sum; j++) {
            if (j - nums[i - 1] < 0) {
                // 背包容量不足,不能装入第 i 个物品
                dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j];
            } else {
                // 装入或不装入背包
                dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j] || dp[i - 1][j - nums[i - 1]];
            }
        }
    }
    return dp[n][sum];
}

三、进一步优化

再进一步,是否可以优化这个代码呢?注意到 dp[i][j] 都是通过上一行 dp[i-1][..] 转移过来的,之前的数据都不会再使用了。

boolean canPartition(int[] nums) {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int num : nums) sum += num;
    // 和为奇数时,不可能划分成两个和相等的集合
    if (sum % 2 != 0) return false;
    int n = nums.length;
    sum = sum / 2;
    boolean[] dp = new boolean[sum + 1];
    
    // base case
    dp[0] = true;

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = sum; j >= 0; j--) {
            if (j - nums[i] >= 0) {
                dp[j] = dp[j] || dp[j - nums[i]];
            }
        }
    }
    return dp[sum];
}

其实这段代码和之前的解法思路完全相同,只在一行 dp 数组上操作,i 每进行一轮迭代,dp[j] 其实就相当于 dp[i-1][j],所以只需要一维数组就够用了。

唯一需要注意的是 j 应该从后往前反向遍历,因为每个物品(或者说数字)只能用一次,以免之前的结果影响其他的结果。

至此,子集切割的问题就完全解决了,时间复杂度 O(n*sum),空间复杂度 O(sum)。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

why j 应该从后往前反向遍历?

1.先看原来2D情况,dp[i][j]的值,都是仅依靠上一行dp[i-1][...]得出的。意思是我们要算当前dp[i]行的值,仅需要上一行dp[i-1]就好。所以可以将其转化为:原地更新1D数组问题;

2.现在考虑降为1D,定义该1D数组为int[] dp。回忆原来2D情况,dp[i][j]的值都是依靠“其正上方的值dp[i-1][j]+左上方的值dp[i-1][j-nums[i]]”来更新。那么如果对1D进行正向遍历即从dp[0]->dp[n-1]填充,对于某一位例如dp[cur]的更新,势必会用到dp[pre](pre<cur),因为是正向遍历,那么dp[pre]在当前轮次已经被更新过了,当在这种情况下计算的dp[cur]肯定不正确(其实说白了,就相当于2D情况下,使用了同一行的值。例如使用dp[i][j-nums[i]]来更新dp[i][j]);

3.现在解释对1D数组进行反向遍历即从dp[n-1]->dp[0]填充。同样,对于某一位例如dp[cur]的更新,势必会用到dp[pre](pre<cur)。但注意,因为是从后往前进行遍历的,此时dp[pre]在当前轮次未被更新,所以就相当于2D情况下使用的上一行的值,这样计算就是正确的了。

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这个前文 已经详细解释过了,状态就是「背包的容量」和「可选择的物品」,选择就是「装进背包」或者「不装进背包」。

所以,我们可以 ,将二维 dp 数组压缩为一维,节约空间复杂度:

经典动态规划:背包问题
对动态规划进行降维打击