Nine Chapter
  • Introduction
    • Summary
  • 1.Binary Search
    • Introduction
    • 458.Last position of target
    • 600.Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels
    • 585.Maximum Number in Mountain Sequence
    • 183.Wood Cut
    • 62.Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 63.Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 159.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 160.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 75.Find Peak Element
    • 60.Search Insert Position
    • 28.Search a 2D Matrix
    • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
    • 14.First Position of Target
    • 74.First Bad Version
    • 875. Koko Eating Bananas
    • 1011. Capacity To Ship Packages Within D Days (M)
    • 410. Split Array Largest Sum (H)
    • 475. Heaters (M)
    • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring (H)
  • 2.Binary Tree
    • Summary
      • 二叉树八股文:递归改迭代
      • BST
      • Frame
    • 66.Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • 67.🌟Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • 145. Binary Tree Postorder Traversal (E)
    • 98.Validate Binary Search Tree(M)
    • 85.Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
    • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree(E)
    • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (E)
    • 236.Lowest Common Ancestor of Binary Tree(M)
    • 578.Lowest Common Ancestor III
    • 1120.Subtree with Maximum Average
    • 596.Minimum Subtree
    • 480.Binary Tree Paths
    • 453.Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List
    • 110.Balanced Binary Tree
    • 376.Binary Tree Path Sum
    • 246.Binary Tree Path Sum II
    • 475.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum II
    • 124.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum (H)
    • Path Sum (*)
      • 112. Path Sum
      • 113. Path Sum II
      • 437. Path Sum III
    • 177.Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree With Minimal Height
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 72,73.Construct Binary Tree
    • Binary Search Tree Path
    • 245.Subtree
    • 469.Identical Binary Tree
    • 87.Remove Node in Binary Search Tree
    • 116.Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node (M)
    • 114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List(M)
    • 654.Maximum Binary Tree (M)
    • 105. 🌟Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal (M)
    • 106. Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal (M)
    • 652. Find Duplicate Subtrees(M)
    • 230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST (M)
    • 538&1038. Convert BST to Greater Tree
    • 450. Delete Node in a BST (M)
    • 701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)
    • 96. Unique Binary Search Trees
    • 95. Unique Binary Search Trees II (M)
    • 1373. Maximum Sum BST in Binary Tree (H)
    • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree (H)
    • 222. Count Complete Tree Nodes (M)
    • 1120. Maximum Average Subtree
    • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • 333. Largest BST Subtree (M)
    • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
    • Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence(*)
      • 298.Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 549. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence II (M)
  • 3.Breadth First Search
    • Introduction
      • BFS 算法解题套路框架
      • 双向 BFS 优化
    • 102.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 107.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II(M)
    • 618.Search Graph Nodes
    • 207.Course Schedule (M)
    • 210.Course Schedule II (M)
    • 611.Knight Shortest Path
    • 598.Zombie in Matrix
    • 133.Clone Graph (M)
    • 178.Graph Valid Tree
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 574.Build Post Office
    • 573.Build Post Office II
    • 127.Topological Sorting
    • 127.Word Ladder
    • 126. Word Ladder II
    • (LeetCode)515.Find Largest Value in Each Tree Row
    • 111. Minimum Depth of Binary Tree (E)
    • 752. Open the Lock
    • 542. 01 Matrix (M)
    • 1306. Jump Game III (M)
  • 4.Depth First Search+BackTracking
    • Summary
      • FloodFill 算法
    • 136.Palindrome Partitioning
    • 39.Combination Sum
    • 40.Combination Sum II
    • 377. Combination Sum IV
    • 77.Combinations (M)
    • 78.Subsets (M)
    • 90.Subsets II (M)
    • 46.🌟Permutations
    • 47.Permutations II
    • 582.Word Break II
    • 490.The Maze (M)
    • 51.N-Queens (H)
    • 52. N-Queens II (H)
    • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (M)
    • 22. Generate Parentheses (M)
    • 岛屿问题
      • 200.Number of Islands (M)
      • 1254. Number of Closed Islands (M)
      • 1020. Number of Enclaves (M)
      • 695. Max Area of Island (M)
      • 1905. Count Sub Islands (M)
      • 694. Number of Distinct Islands
    • 131. Palindrome Partitioning (M)
    • 967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (M)
    • 79. Word Search (M)
    • 212. Word Search II (M)
    • 472. Concatenated Words (H)
    • Page 2
    • 291. Word Pattern II
    • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (M)
  • 5.LinkedList
    • Summary
      • 单链表的倒数第 k 个节点
      • Merge two/k sorted LinkedList
      • Middle of the Linked List
      • 判断链表是否包含环
      • 两个链表是否相交 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 递归反转链表
      • 如何判断回文链表
    • 599.Insert into a Cyclic Sorted List
    • 21.Merge Two Sorted Lists (E)
    • 23.Merge k Sorted Lists (H)
    • 105.Copy List with Random Pointer
    • 141.Linked List Cycle (E)
    • 142.Linked List Cycle II (M)
    • 148.Sort List (M)
    • 86.Partition List (M)
    • 83.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List(E)
    • 82.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II (M)
    • 206.Reverse Linked List (E)
    • 92.Reverse Linked List II (M)
    • 143.Reorder List (M)
    • 19.Remove Nth Node From End of List (E)
    • 170.Rotate List
    • 🤔25.Reverse Nodes in k-Group (H)
    • 452.Remove Linked List Elements
    • 167.Add Two Numbers
    • 221.Add Two Numbers II
    • 876. Middle of the Linked List (E)
    • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists (E)
    • 234. Palindrome Linked List (E)
    • 2130. Maximum Twin Sum of a Linked List (M)
  • 6.Array
    • Summary
      • 前缀和思路PrefixSum
      • 差分数组 Difference Array
      • 双指针Two Pointers
      • 滑动窗口算法算法
      • Sliding windows II
      • 二分搜索Binary Search
      • 排序算法
      • 快速选择算法
    • 604.Window Sum
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 41.Maximum Subarray
    • 42.Maximum Subarray II
    • 43.Maximum Subarray III
    • 620.Maximum Subarray IV
    • 621.Maximum Subarray V
    • 6.Merge Two Sorted Arrays
    • 88.Merge Sorted Array
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 139.Subarray Sum Closest
    • 65.Median of two Sorted Arrays
    • 636.132 Pattern
    • 402.Continuous Subarray Sum
    • 303. Range Sum Query - Immutable (E)
    • 304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)
    • 560. Subarray Sum Equals K (M)
    • 370. Range Addition(M)
    • 1109. Corporate Flight Bookings(M)
    • 1094. Car Pooling (M)
    • 76. Minimum Window Substring(H)
    • 567. Permutation in String (M)
    • 438. Find All Anagrams in a String(M)
    • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters (M)
    • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) (M)
    • 710. Random Pick with Blacklist (H)
    • 528. Random Pick with Weight (M)
    • 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (E)
    • 27. Remove Element (E)
    • 283. Move Zeroes (E)
    • 659. Split Array into Consecutive Subsequences (M)
    • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays (H)
    • 48. Rotate Image (M)
    • 54. Spiral Matrix (M)
    • 59. Spiral Matrix II (M)
    • 918. Maximum Sum Circular Subarray
    • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence (M)
    • 238. Product of Array Except Self (M)
    • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit (M)
    • 1151. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together (M)
    • 2134. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together II
    • 2133. Check if Every Row and Column Contains All Numbers
    • 632. Smallest Range Covering Elements from K Lists (H)
    • 36. Valid Sudoku (M)
    • 383. Ransom Note
    • 228. Summary Ranges
  • 7.Two pointers
    • Summary
      • Two Sum
      • 2Sum 3Sum 4Sum 问题
    • 1.Two Sum I
    • 170.Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • 167.Two Sum II- Input array is sorted
    • 609.Two Sum - Less than or equal to target
    • 610.Two Sum - Difference equals to targe
    • 587.Two Sum - Unique pairs
    • 533.Two Sum - Closest to target
    • 443.Two Sum - Greater than target
    • 653. Two Sum IV - Input is a BST (M)
    • 57.3Sum
    • 59.3Sum Closest
    • 58.4Sum
    • 148.Sort Colors
    • 143.Sort Colors II
    • 31.Partition Array
    • 625.Partition Array II
    • 382.Triangle Count
      • 611. Valid Triangle Number
    • 521.Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
    • 167. Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (E)
    • 870. Advantage Shuffle (M)
    • 9. Palindrome Number (E)
    • 125. Valid Palindrome(E)
    • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring (M)
    • 42. Trapping Rain Water
    • 11. Container With Most Water (M)
    • 658. Find K Closest Elements (M)
    • 392. Is Subsequence
  • 8.Data Structure
    • Summary
      • 数据结构的存储方式
      • 单调栈
      • 单调队列
      • 二叉堆 Binary Heap
      • TreeMap
      • TreeSet
      • 🌟Trie
      • Trie Application
    • 155. Min Stack (E)
    • 716. Max Stack (E)
    • 1648. Sell Diminishing-Valued Colored Balls
    • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks (E)
    • 225. Implement Stack using Queues(E)
    • 84.Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • 128.Hash Function
    • Max Tree
    • 544.Top k Largest Numbers
    • 545.Top k Largest Numbers II
    • 613.High Five
    • 606.Kth Largest Element II
    • 5.Kth Largest Element
    • 129.Rehashing
    • 4.Ugly Number II
    • 517.Ugly Number
    • 28. Implement strStr()
    • 594.strStr II
    • 146.LRU Cache
    • 460.LFU Cache
    • 486.Merge k Sorted Arrays
    • 130.Heapify
    • 215. Kth Largest Element in an Array (M)
    • 612.K Closest Points
    • 692. Top K Frequent Words
    • 347.Top K Frequent Elements
    • 601.Flatten 2D Vector
    • 540.Zigzag Iterator
    • 541.Zigzag Iterator II
    • 423.Valid Parentheses
    • 488.Happy Number
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 627.Longest Palindrome
    • 638.Strings Homomorphism
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 647.Substring Anagrams
    • 171.Anagrams
    • 739. Daily Temperatures(M)
    • 496. Next Greater Element I (E)
    • 503. Next Greater Element II(M)
    • 316. Remove Duplicate Letters(M) & 1081. Smallest Subsequence of Distinct Characters
    • 239. Sliding Window Maximum (H)
    • 355. Design Twitter (M)
    • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack (H)
    • 20. Valid Parentheses (E)
    • 921. Minimum Add to Make Parentheses Valid (M)
    • 1541. Minimum Insertions to Balance a Parentheses String (M)
    • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses (H)
    • Basic Calculator (*)
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 227. Basic Calculator II (M)
    • 844. Backspace String Compare
    • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
    • 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
    • 461.Kth Smallest Numbers in Unsorted Array
    • 1152.Analyze user website visit pattern
    • 811. Subdomain Visit Count (M)
    • 71. Simplify Path (M)
    • 362. Design Hit Counter
  • 9.Dynamic Programming
    • Summary
      • 最优子结构 Optimal Sustructure
      • 子序列解题模板
      • 空间压缩
      • 背包问题
        • Untitled
      • 股票买卖问题
      • KMP
    • 109.Triangle
    • 110.Minimum Path Sum
    • 114.Unique Paths
    • 115.Unique Paths II
    • 70.Climbing Stairs
    • 272.Climbing StairsII
    • 116.Jump Game
    • 117.Jump Game II
    • 322.Coin Change
    • 518. Coin Change 2 ()
    • Backpack I~VI
      • LintCode 563.Backpack V (M)
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock(*)
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II (M)
      • 123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (H)
      • 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (H)
      • 309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (M)
      • 714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (M)
    • 394.Coins in a line
    • 395.Coins in a Line II
    • 509. Fibonacci Number (E)
    • 931. Minimum Falling Path Sum (M)
    • 494. Target Sum (M)
    • 72. Edit Distance (H)
    • 300.Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence (M)
    • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
    • 583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (M)
    • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings(M)
    • 53. Maximum Subarray (E)
    • 516. Longest Palindromic Subsequence (M)
    • 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)
    • 416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)
    • 64. Minimum Path Sum(M)
    • 651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)
    • House Robber (*)
      • 198. House Robber (M)
      • 213. House Robbber II
      • 337. House Robber III (M)
    • Word Break (*)
      • 139.Word Break (M)
    • 140. Word Break II (H)
    • 828. Count Unique Characters of All Substrings of a Given String (H)
    • 174. Dungeon Game (H)
    • 1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)
  • 10. Graph
    • Introduction
      • 有向图的环检测
      • 拓扑排序
      • 二分图判定
      • Union-Find
      • 最小生成树(Minimum Spanning Tree)算法
        • KRUSKAL 最小生成树算法
        • Prim 最小生成树算法
      • Dijkstra 最短路径算法
      • BFS vs DFS
    • 797. All Paths From Source to Target (M)
    • 785. Is Graph Bipartite? (M)
    • 886. Possible Bipartition (M)
    • 130. Surrounded Regions (M)
    • 990. Satisfiability of Equality Equations (M)
    • 721. Accounts Merge (M)
    • 323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (M)
    • 261. Graph Valid Tree
    • 1135. Connecting Cities With Minimum Cost
    • 1584. Min Cost to Connect All Points (M)
    • 277. Find the Celebrity (M)
    • 743. Network Delay Time (M)
    • 1631. Path With Minimum Effort (M)
    • 1514. Path with Maximum Probability (M)
    • 589.Connecting Graph
    • 🌟787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (M)
    • 2050. Parallel Courses III (H)
    • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination (H)
    • 864. Shortest Path to Get All Keys (H)
    • 269. Alien Dictionary (H)
    • 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (H)
    • 529. Minesweeper (M)
  • 11.Math
    • Page 1
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  1. 10. Graph

Introduction

https://labuladong.github.io/algo/2/19/34/

Previous1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)Next有向图的环检测

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一幅图是由节点和边构成的,逻辑结构如下:

什么叫「逻辑结构」?就是说为了方便研究,我们把图抽象成这个样子。

根据这个逻辑结构,我们可以认为每个节点的实现如下:

/* 图节点的逻辑结构 */
class Vertex {
    int id;
    Vertex[] neighbors;
}

看到这个实现,你有没有很熟悉?它和我们之前说的多叉树节点几乎完全一样:

/* 基本的 N 叉树节点 */
class TreeNode {
    int val;
    TreeNode[] children;
}

所以说,图真的没啥高深的,就是高级点的多叉树而已。

不过呢,上面的这种实现是「逻辑上的」,实际上我们很少用这个 Vertex 类实现图,而是用常说的邻接表和邻接矩阵来实现。

比如还是刚才那幅图:

用邻接表和邻接矩阵的存储方式如下:

邻接表很直观,我把每个节点 x 的邻居都存到一个列表里,然后把 x 和这个列表关联起来,这样就可以通过一个节点 x 找到它的所有相邻节点。

邻接矩阵则是一个二维布尔数组,我们权且称为 matrix,如果节点 x 和 y 是相连的,那么就把 matrix[x][y] 设为 true(上图中绿色的方格代表 true)。如果想找节点 x 的邻居,去扫一圈 matrix[x][..] 就行了。

如果用代码的形式来表现,邻接表和邻接矩阵大概长这样:

// 邻接矩阵
// graph[x] 存储 x 的所有邻居节点
List<Integer>[] graph;

// 邻接矩阵
// matrix[x][y] 记录 x 是否有一条指向 y 的边
boolean[][] matrix;

那么,为什么有这两种存储图的方式呢?肯定是因为他们各有优劣。

对于邻接表,好处是占用的空间少。

你看邻接矩阵里面空着那么多位置,肯定需要更多的存储空间。

但是,邻接表无法快速判断两个节点是否相邻。

比如说我想判断节点 1 是否和节点 3 相邻,我要去邻接表里 1 对应的邻居列表里查找 3 是否存在。但对于邻接矩阵就简单了,只要看看 matrix[1][3] 就知道了,效率高。

所以说,使用哪一种方式实现图,要看具体情况。

好了,对于「图」这种数据结构,能看懂上面这些就绰绰够用了。

那你可能会问,我们这个图的模型仅仅是「有向无权图」,不是还有什么加权图,无向图,等等……

其实,这些更复杂的模型都是基于这个最简单的图衍生出来的。

有向加权图怎么实现?很简单呀:

如果是邻接表,我们不仅仅存储某个节点 x 的所有邻居节点,还存储 x 到每个邻居的权重,不就实现加权有向图了吗?

如果是邻接矩阵,matrix[x][y] 不再是布尔值,而是一个 int 值,0 表示没有连接,其他值表示权重,不就变成加权有向图了吗?

如果用代码的形式来表现,大概长这样:

// 邻接矩阵
// graph[x] 存储 x 的所有邻居节点以及对应的权重
List<int[]>[] graph;

// 邻接矩阵
// matrix[x][y] 记录 x 指向 y 的边的权重,0 表示不相邻
int[][] matrix;

无向图怎么实现?也很简单,所谓的「无向」,是不是等同于「双向」?

如果连接无向图中的节点 x 和 y,把 matrix[x][y] 和 matrix[y][x] 都变成 true 不就行了;邻接表也是类似的操作,在 x 的邻居列表里添加 y,同时在 y 的邻居列表里添加 x。

把上面的技巧合起来,就变成了无向加权图……

好了,关于图的基本介绍就到这里,现在不管来什么乱七八糟的图,你心里应该都有底了。

下面来看看所有数据结构都逃不过的问题:遍历。

图的遍历

图怎么遍历?还是那句话,参考多叉树,多叉树的遍历框架如下:

/* 多叉树遍历框架 */
void traverse(TreeNode root) {
    if (root == null) return;

    for (TreeNode child : root.children) {
        traverse(child);
    }
}

图和多叉树最大的区别是,图是可能包含环的,你从图的某一个节点开始遍历,有可能走了一圈又回到这个节点。

所以,如果图包含环,遍历框架就要一个 visited 数组进行辅助:

// 记录被遍历过的节点
boolean[] visited;
// 记录从起点到当前节点的路径
boolean[] onPath;

/* 图遍历框架 */
void traverse(Graph graph, int s) {
    if (visited[s]) return;
    // 经过节点 s,标记为已遍历
    visited[s] = true;
    // 做选择:标记节点 s 在路径上
    onPath[s] = true;
    for (int neighbor : graph.neighbors(s)) {
        traverse(graph, neighbor);
    }
    // 撤销选择:节点 s 离开路径
    onPath[s] = false;
}

注意 visited 数组和 onPath 数组的区别,因为二叉树算是特殊的图,所以用遍历二叉树的过程来理解下这两个数组的区别:

上述 GIF 描述了递归遍历二叉树的过程,在 visited 中被标记为 true 的节点用灰色表示,在 onPath 中被标记为 true 的节点用绿色表示,这下你可以理解它们二者的区别了吧。

回溯算法的「做选择」和「撤销选择」在 for 循环里面,

onPath 数组的操作在 for 循环外面。

在 for 循环里面和外面唯一的区别就是对根节点的处理。

比如下面两种多叉树的遍历:

void traverse(TreeNode root) {
    if (root == null) return;
    System.out.println("enter: " + root.val);
    for (TreeNode child : root.children) {
        traverse(child);
    }
    System.out.println("leave: " + root.val);
}

void traverse(TreeNode root) {
    if (root == null) return;
    for (TreeNode child : root.children) {
        System.out.println("enter: " + child.val);
        traverse(child);
        System.out.println("leave: " + child.val);
    }
}

前者会正确打印所有节点的进入和离开信息,而后者唯独会少打印整棵树根节点的进入和离开信息。

显然,对于这里「图」的遍历,我们应该把 onPath 的操作放到 for 循环外面,否则会漏掉记录起始点的遍历。

说了这么多 onPath 数组,再说下 visited 数组,其目的很明显了,由于图可能含有环,visited 数组就是防止递归重复遍历同一个节点进入死循环的。

当然,如果题目告诉你图中不含环,可以把 visited 数组都省掉,基本就是多叉树的遍历。

图算法

图这种数据结构还有一些比较特殊的算法,比如二分图判断,有环图无环图的判断,拓扑排序,以及最经典的最小生成树,单源最短路径问题,更难的就是类似网络流这样的问题。

不过以我的经验呢,像网络流这种问题,你又不是打竞赛的,除非自己特别有兴趣,否则就没必要学了;像最小生成树和最短路径问题,虽然从刷题的角度用到的不多,但它们属于经典算法,学有余力可以掌握一下;像拓扑排序这一类,属于比较基本且有用的算法,应该比较熟练地掌握。

图论算法:有向图的环检测、拓扑排序算法。

说过,各种数据结构被发明出来无非就是为了遍历和访问,所以「遍历」是所有数据结构的基础。

如果让你处理路径相关的问题,这个 onPath 变量是肯定会被用到的,比如 中就有运用。

另外,你应该注意到了,这个 onPath 数组的操作很像 中做「做选择」和「撤销选择」,区别在于位置:

为什么回溯算法框架会用后者?因为回溯算法关注的不是节点,而是树枝,不信你看 里面的图。

前数据结构相关的算法无非两点:遍历 + 访问。那么图的基本遍历方法也很简单,前文 就讲了如何从多叉树的遍历框架扩展到图的遍历。

有向图的环检测

拓扑排序算法

二分图判定

学习数据结构和算法的框架思维
拓扑排序
回溯算法核心套路
回溯算法核心套路
图算法基础
环检测和拓扑排序
环检测和拓扑排序
https://labuladong.github.io/algo/2/19/36/
图遍历算法
名流问题
并查集算法计算连通分量
Dijkstra