701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)

https://leetcode.com/problems/insert-into-a-binary-search-tree/

You are given the root node of a binary search tree (BST) and a value to insert into the tree. Return the root node of the BST after the insertion. It is guaranteed that the new value does not exist in the original BST.

Notice that there may exist multiple valid ways for the insertion, as long as the tree remains a BST after insertion. You can return any of them.

Example 1:

Input: root = [4,2,7,1,3], val = 5
Output: [4,2,7,1,3,5]
Explanation: Another accepted tree is:

Example 2:

Input: root = [40,20,60,10,30,50,70], val = 25
Output: [40,20,60,10,30,50,70,null,null,25]

Example 3:

Input: root = [4,2,7,1,3,null,null,null,null,null,null], val = 5
Output: [4,2,7,1,3,5]

Constraints:

• The number of nodes in the tree will be in the range [0, 104].

• -108 <= Node.val <= 108

• All the values Node.val are unique.

• -108 <= val <= 108

• It's guaranteed that val does not exist in the original BST.

Solution:

对数据结构的操作无非遍历 + 访问，遍历就是「找」，访问就是「改」。具体到这个问题，插入一个数，就是先找到插入位置，然后进行插入操作。

上一个问题，我们总结了 BST 中的遍历框架，就是「找」的问题。直接套框架，加上「改」的操作即可。一旦涉及「改」，函数就要返回 TreeNode 类型，并且对递归调用的返回值进行接收。

TreeNode insertIntoBST(TreeNode root, int val) {
    // 找到空位置插入新节点
    if (root == null) return new TreeNode(val);
    // if (root.val == val)
    //     BST 中一般不会插入已存在元素
    if (root.val < val) 
        root.right = insertIntoBST(root.right, val);
    if (root.val > val) 
        root.left = insertIntoBST(root.left, val);
    return root;
}