Nine Chapter
  • Introduction
    • Summary
  • 1.Binary Search
    • Introduction
    • 458.Last position of target
    • 600.Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels
    • 585.Maximum Number in Mountain Sequence
    • 183.Wood Cut
    • 62.Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 63.Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 159.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • 160.Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • 75.Find Peak Element
    • 60.Search Insert Position
    • 28.Search a 2D Matrix
    • 240. Search a 2D Matrix II
    • 14.First Position of Target
    • 74.First Bad Version
    • 875. Koko Eating Bananas
    • 1011. Capacity To Ship Packages Within D Days (M)
    • 410. Split Array Largest Sum (H)
    • 475. Heaters (M)
    • 1044. Longest Duplicate Substring (H)
  • 2.Binary Tree
    • Summary
      • 二叉树八股文:递归改迭代
      • BST
      • Frame
    • 66.Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • 67.🌟Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • 145. Binary Tree Postorder Traversal (E)
    • 98.Validate Binary Search Tree(M)
    • 85.Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
    • 104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree(E)
    • 235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (E)
    • 236.Lowest Common Ancestor of Binary Tree(M)
    • 578.Lowest Common Ancestor III
    • 1120.Subtree with Maximum Average
    • 596.Minimum Subtree
    • 480.Binary Tree Paths
    • 453.Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List
    • 110.Balanced Binary Tree
    • 376.Binary Tree Path Sum
    • 246.Binary Tree Path Sum II
    • 475.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum II
    • 124.Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum (H)
    • Path Sum (*)
      • 112. Path Sum
      • 113. Path Sum II
      • 437. Path Sum III
    • 177.Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree With Minimal Height
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 72,73.Construct Binary Tree
    • Binary Search Tree Path
    • 245.Subtree
    • 469.Identical Binary Tree
    • 87.Remove Node in Binary Search Tree
    • 116.Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node (M)
    • 114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List(M)
    • 654.Maximum Binary Tree (M)
    • 105. 🌟Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal (M)
    • 106. Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal (M)
    • 652. Find Duplicate Subtrees(M)
    • 230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST (M)
    • 538&1038. Convert BST to Greater Tree
    • 450. Delete Node in a BST (M)
    • 701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (M)
    • 96. Unique Binary Search Trees
    • 95. Unique Binary Search Trees II (M)
    • 1373. Maximum Sum BST in Binary Tree (H)
    • 297. Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree (H)
    • 222. Count Complete Tree Nodes (M)
    • 1120. Maximum Average Subtree
    • 341. Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • 333. Largest BST Subtree (M)
    • 543. Diameter of Binary Tree
    • Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence(*)
      • 298.Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence
      • 549. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence II (M)
  • 3.Breadth First Search
    • Introduction
      • BFS 算法解题套路框架
      • 双向 BFS 优化
    • 102.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 103. Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal (M)
    • 107.Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II(M)
    • 618.Search Graph Nodes
    • 207.Course Schedule (M)
    • 210.Course Schedule II (M)
    • 611.Knight Shortest Path
    • 598.Zombie in Matrix
    • 133.Clone Graph (M)
    • 178.Graph Valid Tree
    • 7.Binary Tree Serialization
    • 574.Build Post Office
    • 573.Build Post Office II
    • 127.Topological Sorting
    • 127.Word Ladder
    • 126. Word Ladder II
    • (LeetCode)515.Find Largest Value in Each Tree Row
    • 111. Minimum Depth of Binary Tree (E)
    • 752. Open the Lock
    • 542. 01 Matrix (M)
    • 1306. Jump Game III (M)
  • 4.Depth First Search+BackTracking
    • Summary
      • FloodFill 算法
    • 136.Palindrome Partitioning
    • 39.Combination Sum
    • 40.Combination Sum II
    • 377. Combination Sum IV
    • 77.Combinations (M)
    • 78.Subsets (M)
    • 90.Subsets II (M)
    • 46.🌟Permutations
    • 47.Permutations II
    • 582.Word Break II
    • 490.The Maze (M)
    • 51.N-Queens (H)
    • 52. N-Queens II (H)
    • 698. Partition to K Equal Sum Subsets (M)
    • 22. Generate Parentheses (M)
    • 岛屿问题
      • 200.Number of Islands (M)
      • 1254. Number of Closed Islands (M)
      • 1020. Number of Enclaves (M)
      • 695. Max Area of Island (M)
      • 1905. Count Sub Islands (M)
      • 694. Number of Distinct Islands
    • 131. Palindrome Partitioning (M)
    • 967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (M)
    • 79. Word Search (M)
    • 212. Word Search II (M)
    • 472. Concatenated Words (H)
    • Page 2
    • 291. Word Pattern II
    • 17. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (M)
  • 5.LinkedList
    • Summary
      • 单链表的倒数第 k 个节点
      • Merge two/k sorted LinkedList
      • Middle of the Linked List
      • 判断链表是否包含环
      • 两个链表是否相交 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
      • 递归反转链表
      • 如何判断回文链表
    • 599.Insert into a Cyclic Sorted List
    • 21.Merge Two Sorted Lists (E)
    • 23.Merge k Sorted Lists (H)
    • 105.Copy List with Random Pointer
    • 141.Linked List Cycle (E)
    • 142.Linked List Cycle II (M)
    • 148.Sort List (M)
    • 86.Partition List (M)
    • 83.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List(E)
    • 82.Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II (M)
    • 206.Reverse Linked List (E)
    • 92.Reverse Linked List II (M)
    • 143.Reorder List (M)
    • 19.Remove Nth Node From End of List (E)
    • 170.Rotate List
    • 🤔25.Reverse Nodes in k-Group (H)
    • 452.Remove Linked List Elements
    • 167.Add Two Numbers
    • 221.Add Two Numbers II
    • 876. Middle of the Linked List (E)
    • 160. Intersection of Two Linked Lists (E)
    • 234. Palindrome Linked List (E)
    • 2130. Maximum Twin Sum of a Linked List (M)
  • 6.Array
    • Summary
      • 前缀和思路PrefixSum
      • 差分数组 Difference Array
      • 双指针Two Pointers
      • 滑动窗口算法算法
      • Sliding windows II
      • 二分搜索Binary Search
      • 排序算法
      • 快速选择算法
    • 604.Window Sum
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 41.Maximum Subarray
    • 42.Maximum Subarray II
    • 43.Maximum Subarray III
    • 620.Maximum Subarray IV
    • 621.Maximum Subarray V
    • 6.Merge Two Sorted Arrays
    • 88.Merge Sorted Array
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 139.Subarray Sum Closest
    • 65.Median of two Sorted Arrays
    • 636.132 Pattern
    • 402.Continuous Subarray Sum
    • 303. Range Sum Query - Immutable (E)
    • 304.Range Sum Query 2D - Immutable (M)
    • 560. Subarray Sum Equals K (M)
    • 370. Range Addition(M)
    • 1109. Corporate Flight Bookings(M)
    • 1094. Car Pooling (M)
    • 76. Minimum Window Substring(H)
    • 567. Permutation in String (M)
    • 438. Find All Anagrams in a String(M)
    • 3. Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters (M)
    • 380. Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) (M)
    • 710. Random Pick with Blacklist (H)
    • 528. Random Pick with Weight (M)
    • 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (E)
    • 27. Remove Element (E)
    • 283. Move Zeroes (E)
    • 659. Split Array into Consecutive Subsequences (M)
    • 4. Median of Two Sorted Arrays (H)
    • 48. Rotate Image (M)
    • 54. Spiral Matrix (M)
    • 59. Spiral Matrix II (M)
    • 918. Maximum Sum Circular Subarray
    • 128. Longest Consecutive Sequence (M)
    • 238. Product of Array Except Self (M)
    • 1438. Longest Continuous Subarray With Absolute Diff Less Than or Equal to Limit (M)
    • 1151. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together (M)
    • 2134. Minimum Swaps to Group All 1's Together II
    • 2133. Check if Every Row and Column Contains All Numbers
    • 632. Smallest Range Covering Elements from K Lists (H)
    • 36. Valid Sudoku (M)
    • 383. Ransom Note
    • 228. Summary Ranges
  • 7.Two pointers
    • Summary
      • Two Sum
      • 2Sum 3Sum 4Sum 问题
    • 1.Two Sum I
    • 170.Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • 167.Two Sum II- Input array is sorted
    • 609.Two Sum - Less than or equal to target
    • 610.Two Sum - Difference equals to targe
    • 587.Two Sum - Unique pairs
    • 533.Two Sum - Closest to target
    • 443.Two Sum - Greater than target
    • 653. Two Sum IV - Input is a BST (M)
    • 57.3Sum
    • 59.3Sum Closest
    • 58.4Sum
    • 148.Sort Colors
    • 143.Sort Colors II
    • 31.Partition Array
    • 625.Partition Array II
    • 382.Triangle Count
      • 611. Valid Triangle Number
    • 521.Remove Duplicate Numbers in Array
    • 167. Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (E)
    • 870. Advantage Shuffle (M)
    • 9. Palindrome Number (E)
    • 125. Valid Palindrome(E)
    • 5. Longest Palindromic Substring (M)
    • 42. Trapping Rain Water
    • 11. Container With Most Water (M)
    • 658. Find K Closest Elements (M)
    • 392. Is Subsequence
  • 8.Data Structure
    • Summary
      • 数据结构的存储方式
      • 单调栈
      • 单调队列
      • 二叉堆 Binary Heap
      • TreeMap
      • TreeSet
      • 🌟Trie
      • Trie Application
    • 155. Min Stack (E)
    • 716. Max Stack (E)
    • 1648. Sell Diminishing-Valued Colored Balls
    • 232. Implement Queue using Stacks (E)
    • 225. Implement Stack using Queues(E)
    • 84.Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • 128.Hash Function
    • Max Tree
    • 544.Top k Largest Numbers
    • 545.Top k Largest Numbers II
    • 613.High Five
    • 606.Kth Largest Element II
    • 5.Kth Largest Element
    • 129.Rehashing
    • 4.Ugly Number II
    • 517.Ugly Number
    • 28. Implement strStr()
    • 594.strStr II
    • 146.LRU Cache
    • 460.LFU Cache
    • 486.Merge k Sorted Arrays
    • 130.Heapify
    • 215. Kth Largest Element in an Array (M)
    • 612.K Closest Points
    • 692. Top K Frequent Words
    • 347.Top K Frequent Elements
    • 601.Flatten 2D Vector
    • 540.Zigzag Iterator
    • 541.Zigzag Iterator II
    • 423.Valid Parentheses
    • 488.Happy Number
    • 547.Intersection of Two Arrays
    • 548.Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • 627.Longest Palindrome
    • 638.Strings Homomorphism
    • 138.Subarray Sum
    • 647.Substring Anagrams
    • 171.Anagrams
    • 739. Daily Temperatures(M)
    • 496. Next Greater Element I (E)
    • 503. Next Greater Element II(M)
    • 316. Remove Duplicate Letters(M) & 1081. Smallest Subsequence of Distinct Characters
    • 239. Sliding Window Maximum (H)
    • 355. Design Twitter (M)
    • 895. Maximum Frequency Stack (H)
    • 20. Valid Parentheses (E)
    • 921. Minimum Add to Make Parentheses Valid (M)
    • 1541. Minimum Insertions to Balance a Parentheses String (M)
    • 32. Longest Valid Parentheses (H)
    • Basic Calculator (*)
      • 224. Basic Calculator
      • 227. Basic Calculator II (M)
    • 844. Backspace String Compare
    • 295. Find Median from Data Stream
    • 208. Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
    • 461.Kth Smallest Numbers in Unsorted Array
    • 1152.Analyze user website visit pattern
    • 811. Subdomain Visit Count (M)
    • 71. Simplify Path (M)
    • 362. Design Hit Counter
  • 9.Dynamic Programming
    • Summary
      • 最优子结构 Optimal Sustructure
      • 子序列解题模板
      • 空间压缩
      • 背包问题
        • Untitled
      • 股票买卖问题
      • KMP
    • 109.Triangle
    • 110.Minimum Path Sum
    • 114.Unique Paths
    • 115.Unique Paths II
    • 70.Climbing Stairs
    • 272.Climbing StairsII
    • 116.Jump Game
    • 117.Jump Game II
    • 322.Coin Change
    • 518. Coin Change 2 ()
    • Backpack I~VI
      • LintCode 563.Backpack V (M)
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock(*)
      • 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
      • 122. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II (M)
      • 123. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III (H)
      • 188. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV (H)
      • 309. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown (M)
      • 714. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Transaction Fee (M)
    • 394.Coins in a line
    • 395.Coins in a Line II
    • 509. Fibonacci Number (E)
    • 931. Minimum Falling Path Sum (M)
    • 494. Target Sum (M)
    • 72. Edit Distance (H)
    • 300.Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • 1143. Longest Common Subsequence (M)
    • 718. Maximum Length of Repeated Subarray
    • 583. Delete Operation for Two Strings (M)
    • 712. Minimum ASCII Delete Sum for Two Strings(M)
    • 53. Maximum Subarray (E)
    • 516. Longest Palindromic Subsequence (M)
    • 1312. Minimum Insertion Steps to Make a String Palindrome (H)
    • 416. Partition Equal Subset Sum (M)
    • 64. Minimum Path Sum(M)
    • 651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)
    • House Robber (*)
      • 198. House Robber (M)
      • 213. House Robbber II
      • 337. House Robber III (M)
    • Word Break (*)
      • 139.Word Break (M)
    • 140. Word Break II (H)
    • 828. Count Unique Characters of All Substrings of a Given String (H)
    • 174. Dungeon Game (H)
    • 1567. Maximum Length of Subarray With Positive Product (M)
  • 10. Graph
    • Introduction
      • 有向图的环检测
      • 拓扑排序
      • 二分图判定
      • Union-Find
      • 最小生成树(Minimum Spanning Tree)算法
        • KRUSKAL 最小生成树算法
        • Prim 最小生成树算法
      • Dijkstra 最短路径算法
      • BFS vs DFS
    • 797. All Paths From Source to Target (M)
    • 785. Is Graph Bipartite? (M)
    • 886. Possible Bipartition (M)
    • 130. Surrounded Regions (M)
    • 990. Satisfiability of Equality Equations (M)
    • 721. Accounts Merge (M)
    • 323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (M)
    • 261. Graph Valid Tree
    • 1135. Connecting Cities With Minimum Cost
    • 1584. Min Cost to Connect All Points (M)
    • 277. Find the Celebrity (M)
    • 743. Network Delay Time (M)
    • 1631. Path With Minimum Effort (M)
    • 1514. Path with Maximum Probability (M)
    • 589.Connecting Graph
    • 🌟787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (M)
    • 2050. Parallel Courses III (H)
    • 1293. Shortest Path in a Grid with Obstacles Elimination (H)
    • 864. Shortest Path to Get All Keys (H)
    • 269. Alien Dictionary (H)
    • 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (H)
    • 529. Minesweeper (M)
  • 11.Math
    • Page 1
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  1. 9.Dynamic Programming

651. 4 Keys Keyboards (M)

Previous64. Minimum Path Sum(M)NextHouse Robber (*)

Last updated 3 years ago

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四键键盘问题很有意思,而且可以明显感受到:对 dp 数组的不同定义需要完全不同的逻辑,从而产生完全不同的解法。

首先看一下题目:

如何在 N 次敲击按钮后得到最多的 A?我们穷举呗,每次有对于每次按键,我们可以穷举四种可能,很明显就是一个动态规划问题。

第一种思路

这种思路会很容易理解,但是效率并不高,我们直接走流程:对于动态规划问题,首先要明白有哪些「状态」,有哪些「选择」。

具体到这个问题,对于每次敲击按键,有哪些「选择」是很明显的:4 种,就是题目中提到的四个按键,分别是 A、C-A、C-C、C-V(Ctrl 简写为 C)。

接下来,思考一下对于这个问题有哪些「状态」?或者换句话说,我们需要知道什么信息,才能将原问题分解为规模更小的子问题?

你看我这样定义三个状态行不行:第一个状态是剩余的按键次数,用 n 表示;第二个状态是当前屏幕上字符 A 的数量,用 a_num 表示;第三个状态是剪切板中字符 A 的数量,用 copy 表示。

如此定义「状态」,就可以知道 base case:当剩余次数 n 为 0 时,a_num 就是我们想要的答案。

结合刚才说的 4 种「选择」,我们可以把这几种选择通过状态转移表示出来:

dp(n - 1, a_num + 1, copy),    # A
解释:按下 A 键,屏幕上加一个字符
同时消耗 1 个操作数

dp(n - 1, a_num + copy, copy), # C-V
解释:按下 C-V 粘贴,剪切板中的字符加入屏幕
同时消耗 1 个操作数

dp(n - 2, a_num, a_num)        # C-A C-C
解释:全选和复制必然是联合使用的,
剪切板中 A 的数量变为屏幕上 A 的数量
同时消耗 2 个操作数

这样可以看到问题的规模 n 在不断减小,肯定可以到达 n = 0 的 base case,所以这个思路是正确的:

def maxA(N: int) -> int:

    # 对于 (n, a_num, copy) 这个状态,
    # 屏幕上能最终最多能有 dp(n, a_num, copy) 个 A
    def dp(n, a_num, copy):
        # base case
        if n <= 0: return a_num;
        # 几种选择全试一遍,选择最大的结果
        return max(
                dp(n - 1, a_num + 1, copy),    # A
                dp(n - 1, a_num + copy, copy), # C-V
                dp(n - 2, a_num, a_num)        # C-A C-C
            )

    # 可以按 N 次按键,屏幕和剪切板里都还没有 A
    return dp(N, 0, 0)

这个解法应该很好理解,因为语义明确。下面就继续走流程,用备忘录消除一下重叠子问题:

def maxA(N: int) -> int:
    # 备忘录
    memo = dict()
    def dp(n, a_num, copy):
        if n <= 0: return a_num;
        # 避免计算重叠子问题
        if (n, a_num, copy) in memo:
            return memo[(n, a_num, copy)]

        memo[(n, a_num, copy)] = max(
                # 几种选择还是一样的
            )
        return memo[(n, a_num, copy)]

    return dp(N, 0, 0)

这样优化代码之后,子问题虽然没有重复了,但数目仍然很多,在 LeetCode 提交会超时的。

我们尝试分析一下这个算法的时间复杂度,就会发现不容易分析。我们可以把这个 dp 函数写成 dp 数组:

dp[n][a_num][copy]
# 状态的总数(时空复杂度)就是这个三维数组的体积

我们知道变量 n 最多为 N,但是 a_num 和 copy 最多为多少我们很难计算,复杂度起码也有 O(N^3) 把。所以这个算法并不好,复杂度太高,且已经无法优化了。

这也就说明,我们这样定义「状态」是不太优秀的,下面我们换一种定义 dp 的思路。

第二种思路

这种思路稍微有点复杂,但是效率高。继续走流程,「选择」还是那 4 个,但是这次我们只定义一个「状态」,也就是剩余的敲击次数 n。

这个算法基于这样一个事实,最优按键序列一定只有两种情况:

要么一直按 A:A,A,…A(当 N 比较小时)。

要么是这么一个形式:A,A,…C-A,C-C,C-V,C-V,…C-V(当 N 比较大时)。

因为字符数量少(N 比较小)时,C-A C-C C-V 这一套操作的代价相对比较高,可能不如一个个按 A;而当 N 比较大时,后期 C-V 的收获肯定很大。这种情况下整个操作序列大致是:开头连按几个 A,然后 C-A C-C 组合再接若干 C-V,然后再 C-A C-C 接着若干 C-V,循环下去。

换句话说,最后一次按键要么是 A 要么是 C-V。明确了这一点,可以通过这两种情况来设计算法:

int[] dp = new int[N + 1];
// 定义:dp[i] 表示 i 次操作后最多能显示多少个 A
for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) 
    dp[i] = max(
            这次按 A 键,
            这次按 C-V
        )

对于「按 A 键」这种情况,就是状态 i - 1 的屏幕上新增了一个 A 而已,很容易得到结果:

// 按 A 键,就比上次多一个 A 而已
dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + 1;

但是,如果要按 C-V,还要考虑之前是在哪里 C-A C-C 的。

刚才说了,最优的操作序列一定是 C-A C-C 接着若干 C-V,所以我们用一个变量 j 作为若干 C-V 的起点。那么 j 之前的 2 个操作就应该是 C-A C-C 了:

public int maxA(int N) {
    int[] dp = new int[N + 1];
    dp[0] = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) {
        // 按 A 键
        dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + 1;
        for (int j = 2; j < i; j++) {
            // 全选 & 复制 dp[j-2],连续粘贴 i - j 次
            // 屏幕上共 dp[j - 2] * (i - j + 1) 个 A
            dp[i] = Math.max(dp[i], dp[j - 2] * (i - j + 1));
        }
    }
    // N 次按键之后最多有几个 A?
    return dp[N];
}

其中 j 变量减 2 是给 C-A C-C 留下操作数,看个图就明白了:

这样,此算法就完成了,时间复杂度 O(N^2),空间复杂度 O(N),这种解法应该是比较高效的了。

最后总结

动态规划难就难在寻找状态转移,不同的定义可以产生不同的状态转移逻辑,虽然最后都能得到正确的结果,但是效率可能有巨大的差异。

回顾第一种解法,重叠子问题已经消除了,但是效率还是低,到底低在哪里呢?抽象出递归框架:

def dp(n, a_num, copy):
    dp(n - 1, a_num + 1, copy),    # A
    dp(n - 1, a_num + copy, copy), # C-V
    dp(n - 2, a_num, a_num)        # C-A C-C

看这个穷举逻辑,是有可能出现这样的操作序列 C-A C-C,C-A C-C... 或者 C-V,C-V,...。然这种操作序列的结果不是最优的,但是我们并没有想办法规避这些情况的发生,从而增加了很多没必要的子问题计算。

回顾第二种解法,我们稍加思考就能想到,最优的序列应该是这种形式:A,A..C-A,C-C,C-V,C-V..C-A,C-C,C-V..。

根据这个事实,我们重新定义了状态,重新寻找了状态转移,从逻辑上减少了无效的子问题个数,从而提高了算法的效率。